Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Biological properties and methods for determination of carnosine

  • Review
  • Published:
Monatshefte für Chemie - Chemical Monthly Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Oxidation stress, advanced glycation, accumulation of metals, accumulation of lactate, all these factors damage the human biomolecules and cause diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, and diabetes. Therefore, we made this article in which we tried to find solution for reduction of these negative factors. We found that carnosine is a potential solution. Carnosine is an endogenously produced heterodipeptide that meets Lipinski’s criteria which determine the suitability of a substance as a drug. Carnosine has antioxidant, pH-buffering, chelating, anti-aging, and anti-advanced glycation end products (AGEs) effects on the human body. Its regulation in the body lies in the enzymatic activities of carnosinases that break down carnosine into ß-alanine and l-histidine and carnosine synthase linking ß-alanine and l-histidine to the carnosine form. To use carnosine as a drug, the inhibitors of carnosinases such as carnostatine and bestatine must be used. It is possible to observe how carnosine is regulated by various enzymes in various diseases, how carnosine with inhibitors carnosinases supplementation affects plasma and tissue concentrations by means of several methods, namely by high-performance liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, optical methods, and immunoanalytical methods. These methods may be useful for future research for application of carnosine as pharmaceutical drug for treatment of several diseases.

Graphical abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

(Created by the author, in MS power pointed—inspired by Matthews JJ et al. [11])

Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

Article is based on literature. All sources of information are provided in the bibliography and cited accordingly.

References

  1. Gulewitsch WL, Amiradžibi S (1900) Ber Dtsch Chem Ges 33:1902

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. PubChem (2023) Carnosine. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/439224. Accessed 3 Mar 2023

  3. Onetto AJ, Sharif S (2022) Drug distribution. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Lipinski CA (2004) Drug Discov Today Technol 1:337

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. BRENDA enzyme database (2023) https://www.brenda-enzymes.org/enzyme.php?ecno=6.3.2.11. Accessed 3 Mar 2023

  6. Kohen R, Yamamoto Y, Cundy KC, Ames BN (1988) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:3175

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Blancquaert L, Baba SP, Kwiatkowski S, Stautemas J, Stegen S, Barbaresi S, Chung W, Boakye AA, Hoetker JD, Bhatnagar A, Delanghe J, Vanheel B, Veiga-da-Cunha M, Derave W, Everaert I (2016) J Physiol 594:4849

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Seely JE, Marshall FD (1982) Life Sci 30:1763

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Quinn PJ, Boldyrev AA, Formazuyk VE (1992) Mol Aspects Med 13:379

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Matthews MM, Traut TW (1987) J Biol Chem 262:7232

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Matthews JJ, Artioli GG, Turner MD, Sale C (2019) Med Sci Sports Exerc 51:2098

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Bauchart C, Savary-Auzeloux I, Patureau Mirand P, Thomas E, Morzel M, Rémond D (2007) J Nutr 137:589

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Everaert I, De Naeyer H, Taes Y, Derave W (2013) Eur J Appl Physiol 113:1169

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Colín-Barenque L, Bizarro-Nevares P, González Villalva A, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Medina-Campos ON, Jimenez-Martínez R, Rodríguez-Rangel DS, Reséndiz S, Fortoul TI (2018) Int J Exp Pathol 99:180

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Song F, Hu Y, Wang Y, Smith DE, Jiang H (2018) Mol Pharm 15:385

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Kastin AJ (2006) Handbook of biologically active peptides. Academic Press, United States

    Google Scholar 

  17. Rodriguez-Niño A, Pastene DO, Post A, Said MY, Gomes-Neto AW, Kieneker LM, Heiner-Fokkema MR, Esatbeyoglu T, Rimbach G, Schnuelle P, Yard BA, Bakker SJL (2021) Antioxidants (Basel) 10:1102

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Berezhnoy DS, Stvolinsky SL, Lopachev AV, Devyatov AA, Lopacheva OM, Kulikova OI, Abaimov DA, Fedorova TN (2019) Amino Acids 51:139

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. RTECS NUMBER-MS3080000 (2023) chemical toxicity database. https://www.drugfuture.com/toxic/q63-q119.html.%20Accessed%208%20Dec%202022. Accessed 3 Mar 2023

  20. Nagai K, Suda T (1986) Immuno-regulator based on l-carnosine. Patent FR 2577138A1, Aug 14, 1986; (1987). Chem Abstr 106:43989

    Google Scholar 

  21. Vitamin C Toxicity (LD50) (2023) AAT Bioquest. https://www.aatbio.com/resources/toxicity-lethality-median-dose-td50-ld50/vitamin-c. Accessed 20 Feb 2023

  22. Manhiani PS, Northcutt JK, Han I, Bridges WC, Dawson PL (2013) Poult Sci 92:444

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Hipkiss AR (2009) Exp Gerontol 44:237

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Hou W-C, Chen H-J, Lin Y-H (2003) J Agric Food Chem 51:1706

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Skulachev VP (1992) Biokhimiia 57:1311

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Kim Y, Kim Y (2020) Nutr Res Pract 14:188

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Huang W-J, Zhang X, Chen W-W (2016) Biomed Rep 4:519

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Dias V, Junn E, Mouradian MM (2013) J Parkinsons Dis 3:461

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Kumar A, Ratan RR (2016) J Huntingtons Dis 5:217

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Reuter S, Gupta SC, Chaturvedi MM, Aggarwal BB (2010) Free Radic Biol Med 49:1603

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. da Fonseca LJS, Nunes-Souza V, Goulart MOF, Rabelo LA (2019) Oxid Med Cell Longev 2019:7536805

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Senoner T, Dichtl W (2019) Nutrients 11:2090

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Giacco F, Brownlee M (2010) Circ Res 107:1058

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Kumar M, Gaharwar U, Paul S, Poojary M, Pandhare K, Scaria V, Bk B (2020) Sci Rep 10:9037

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Bakulski KM, Seo YA, Hickman RC, Brandt D, Vadari HS, Hu H, Park SK (2020) J Alzheimers Dis 76:1215

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Egawa T, Kido K, Yokokawa T, Fujibayashi M, Goto K, Hayashi T (2021) The Effect of Glycation Stress on Skeletal Muscle. IntechOpen, United Kingdom

    Book  Google Scholar 

  37. Efthymakis K, Neri M (2022) Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 46:101954

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Tang W, Liu H, Li X, Ooi TC, Rajab NF, Cao H, Sharif R (2022) Aging (Albany NY) 14:8688

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Shen F, Regmi D, Islam M, Raja Somu D, Merk V, Du D (2022) Biochem Biophys Rep 32:101333

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Radrezza S, Carini M, Baron G, Aldini G, Negre-Salvayre A, D’Amato A (2021) Free Radical Biol Med 173:97

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Playford R, Marchbank T (2021) J Funct Foods 78:104361

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Ommati MM, Heidari R, Ghanbarinejad V, Aminian A, Abdoli N, Niknahad H (2020) Nutr Neurosci 23:731

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Impellizzeri D, Siracusa R, Cordaro M, Peritore AF, Gugliandolo E, D’amico R, Fusco R, Crupi R, Rizzarelli E, Cuzzocrea S, Vaccaro S, Pulicetta M, Greco V, Sciuto S, Schiavinato A, Messina L, Di Paola R (2020) Biomed Pharmacother 125:110023

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Husain N, Mahmood R (2020) Toxicol In Vitro 68:104956

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Kimura K, Nakano Y, Sugizaki T, Shimoda M, Kobayashi N, Kawahara M, Tanaka K-I (2019) Metallomics 11:1310

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Aydın AF, Küçükgergin C, Çoban J, Doğan-Ekici I, Doğru-Abbasoğlu S, Uysal M, Koçak-Toker N (2018). Andrologia. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.12939

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Ma J, Yan H, Wang R, Bo S, Lu X, Zhang J, Xu A (2018) Neurosci Lett 683:54

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Itagaki M, Saruta M, Saijo H, Mitobe J, Arihiro S, Matsuoka M, Kato T, Ikegami M, Tajiri H (2014) Scand J Gastroenterol 49:164

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Iovine B, Iannella ML, Nocella F, Pricolo MR, Bevilacqua MA (2012) Cancer Lett 315:122

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Arnal N, de Alaniz MJT, Marra CA (2011) Chem Biol Interact 192:257

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Teufel M, Saudek V, Ledig J-P, Bernhardt A, Boularand S, Carreau A, Cairns NJ, Carter C, Cowley DJ, Duverger D, Ganzhorn AJ, Guenet C, Heintzelmann B, Laucher V, Sauvage C, Smirnova T (2003) J Biol Chem 278:6521

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Everaert I, He J, Hanssens M, Stautemas J, Bakker K, Albrecht T, Zhang S, Van der Stede T, Vanhove K, Hoetker D, Howsam M, Tessier FJ, Yard B, Baba SP, Baelde HJ, Derave W (2020) Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 318:F1030

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Qiu J, Hauske SJ, Zhang S, Rodriguez-Niño A, Albrecht T, Pastene DO, van den Born J, van Goor H, Ruf S, Kohlmann M, Teufel M, Krämer BK, Hammes H-P, Peters V, Yard BA, Kannt A (2019) Amino Acids 51:7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Peters V, Schmitt CP, Weigand T, Klingbeil K, Thiel C, van den Berg A, Calabrese V, Nawroth P, Fleming T, Forsberg E, Wagner AH, Hecker M, Vistoli G (2017) J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 32:1102

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Peters V, Kebbewar M, Jansen EW, Jakobs C, Riedl E, Koeppel H, Frey D, Adelmann K, Klingbeil K, Mack M, Hoffmann GF, Janssen B, Zschocke J, Yard BA (2010) Amino Acids 38:1607

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Bellia F, Vecchio G, Rizzarelli E (2014) Molecules 19:2299

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Abe H, Okuma E (1995) Nippon Shokuhin Kagaku Kogaku Kaishi 42:827

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Gil-Agustí M, Esteve-Romero J, Carda-Broch S (2008) J Chromatogr A 1189:444

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Kim S-K, Kwon D, Kwon D-A, Paik IK, Auh J-H (2014) Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 34:127

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Kumagai M, Kato S, Arakawa N, Otsuka M, Hamano T, Kashiwagi N, Yabuki A, Yamato O (2021) Separations 8:128

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Robin A, Ghosh S, Gabay B, Levkov K, Golberg A (2022) Innov Food Sci Emerging Technol 76:102937

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Nardiello D, Cataldi TRI (2004) J Chromatogr A 1035:285

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Jozanović M, Hajduković M, Galović O, Kralik G, Kralik Z, Sakač N, Medvidović-Kosanović M, Sak-Bosnar M (2017) Food Chem 221:1658

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Jayasena DD, Jung S, Bae YS, Kim SH, Lee SK, Lee JH, Jo C (2014) Poult Sci 93:1842

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Yi H-C, Kim M-Y, Choi C-S, Kim Y-N, Han C-K, Lee B-H (2012) Resources 32:584

    Google Scholar 

  66. Dunnett M, Harris RC (1997) J Chromatogr B: Biomed Sci Appl 688:47

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Mora L, Sentandreu MA, Toldrá F (2007) J Agric Food Chem 55:4664

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Everaert I, Taes Y, De Heer E, Baelde H, Zutinic A, Yard B, Sauerhöfer S, Vanhee L, Delanghe J, Aldini G, Derave W (2012) Am J Physiol -Renal Physiol 302:F1537

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Hunter G (1957) J Clin Pathol 10:161

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Ziegler F, Le Boucher J, Coudray-Lucas C, Cynober L (1992) J Automat Chem 14:145

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Blancquaert L, Everaert I, Missinne M, Baguet A, Stegen S, Volkaert A, Petrovic M, Vervaet C, Achten E, Maeyer DE, M, DE Henauw S, Derave W, (2017) Med Sci Sports Exerc 49:602

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Branham ML, Singh P, Bisetty K, Sabela M, Govender T (2011) Molecules 16:10269

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  73. Gatti R, Andreatta P, Boschetti S (2013) J Chromatogr A 1298:95

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Thibert V, Netter C, Hautem J-Y, Saintier A, Thioulouse E, Couderc R, Moussa F (2019) Direct quantification of amino acids in plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for clinical research. Thermo Fisher Scientific. https://assets.thermofisher.com/TFS-Assets/CMD/Technical-Notes/tn-65382-lc-ms-amino-acids-plasma-tn65382-en.pdf. Accessed 12 Mar 2023

  75. Krumpochova P, Bruyneel B, Molenaar D, Koukou A, Wuhrer M, Niessen W, Giera M (2015) J Pharm Biomed Anal 114:398

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Bando K, Shimotsuji T, Toyoshima H, Hayashi C, Miyai K (1984) Ann Clin Biochem 21:510

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Huang Y, Duan J, Chen H, Chen M, Chen G (2005) Electrophoresis 26:593

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. You WW, Haugland RP, Ryan DK, Haugland RP (1997) Anal Biochem 244:277

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Abdelkader H, Swinden J, Pierscionek BK, Alany RG (2015) J Pharm Biomed Anal 114:241

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Uenoyama R, Miyazaki M, Miyazaki T, Shigeno Y, Tokairin Y, Konno H, Yamashita T (2019) J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 1132:121826

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Maikhunthod B, Intarapichet K-O (2005) Meat Sci 71:364

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Wang C, Li Y, Pan C, Chen J, Jiang W, Li W, Zhang X, Liao Z, Yan X (2020) Biochem Biophys Rep 25:100880

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  83. Dunnett M, Harris RC (1992) J Chromatogr 579:45

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. O’Dowd JJ, Robins DJ, Miller DJ (1988) Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA)–Gen Subj 967:241

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Macià A, Motilva M-J, Romero M-P, Labrador A, Domínguez A, Peiro L (2012) Talanta 93:293

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Carnegie PR, Ilic MZ, Etheridge MO, Collins MG (1983) J Chromatogr A 261:153

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Peiretti PG, Medana C, Visentin S, Giancotti V, Zunino V, Meineri G (2011) Food Chem 126:1939

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Gilardoni E, Gervasoni S, Maspero M, Dallanoce C, Vistoli G, Carini M, Aldini G, Regazzoni L (2020) J Pharm Biomed Anal 189:113440

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Lee HJ, Jayasena DD, Kim SH, Kim HJ, Heo KN, Song JE, Jo C (2015) Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 35:114

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  90. Hiemori-Kondo M, Shinya D, Ueta R (2022) J Food Compos Anal 106:104323

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Tsuruta Y, Maruyama K, Inoue H, Kosha K, Date Y, Okamura N, Eto S, Kojima E (2010) J Chromatogr B 878:327

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Pucciarini L, Gilardoni E, Ianni F, D’Amato A, Marrone V, Fumagalli L, Regazzoni L, Aldini G, Carini M, Sardella R (2019) J Chromatogr B 1126–1127:121747

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Enomoto H, Zaima N (2023) J Chromatogr B 1216:123601

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Aristoy M-C, Soler C, Toldrá F (2004) Food Chem 84:485

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Szerdahelyi E, Csehi B, Takács K, Korompai E, Nagy A, Gelencsér É, Friedrich L (2020) Czech J Food Sci 38:36

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Zinellu A, Sotgia S, Campesi I, Franconi F, Deiana L, Carru C (2011) Talanta 84:931

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Zhao S, Huang Y, Shi M, Huang J, Liu Y-M (2009) Anal Biochem 393:105

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  98. Staňová A, Marák J, Rezeli M, Páger C, Kilár F, Kaniansky D (2011) J Chromatogr A 1218:8701

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. ELISA and Assay Kits (2023) LSBio, Seattle. https://www.lsbio.com/products/elisakits. Accessed 3 Mar 2023

  100. Carnosine ELISA Kit (2023) BioVision, Inc, Waltham. https://www.biovision.com/carnosine-elisa-kit.html. Accessed 3 Mar 2023

  101. da Eira SV, Painelli VD, Shinjo SK, Ribeiro Pereira W, Cilli EM, Sale C, Gualano B, Otaduy MC, Artioli GG (2020) Sci Rep 10:4908

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. Mirzahosseini A, Molaei M, Mazák K, Pálla T, Köteles I, Varró N, Mándity I, Noszál B (2022) Chem Phys Lett 808:140128

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Sundekilde UK, Rasmussen MK, Young JF, Bertram HC (2017) Food Chem 217:151

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Abdelkader H, Longman M, Alany RG, Pierscionek B (2016) Oxid Med Cell Longev 2016:3240261

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This research was financially supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency APVV-20-0413 and by KEGA No. 025UCM-4/2021.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Trnava, Slovak Republic

    Patrik Beňovič, Jozef Sokol, Andrea Purdešová & Mária Maliarová

Authors
  1. Patrik Beňovič
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jozef Sokol
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Andrea Purdešová
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Mária Maliarová
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Patrik Beňovič.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Beňovič, P., Sokol, J., Purdešová, A. et al. Biological properties and methods for determination of carnosine. Monatsh Chem 154, 1045–1060 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00706-023-03060-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00706-023-03060-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation