Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Molecular characterization of lumpy skin disease virus from recent outbreaks in Pakistan

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Archives of Virology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a contagious viral transboundary disease listed as a notifiable disease by the World Organization of Animal Health (WOAH). The first case of this disease was reported in Pakistan in late 2021. Since then, numerous outbreaks have been documented in various regions and provinces across the country. The current study primarily aimed to analyze samples collected during LSD outbreaks in cattle populations in the Sindh and Punjab provinces of Pakistan. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted using partial sequences of the GPCR, p32, and RP030 genes. Collectively, the LSDV strains originating from outbreaks in Pakistan exhibited a noticeable clustering pattern with LSDV strains reported in African, Middle Eastern, and Asian countries, including Egypt, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, India, China, and Thailand. The precise reasons behind the origin of the virus strain and its subsequent spread to Pakistan remain unknown. This underscores the need for further investigations into outbreaks across the country. The findings of the current study can contribute to the establishment of effective disease control strategies, including the implementation of a mass vaccination campaign in disease-endemic countries such as Pakistan.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The assembled sequences have been submitted to the GenBank database (accession no. OP807837-57).

References

  1. McInnes CJ, Damon IK, Smith GL et al (2023) ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Poxviridae 2023. J Gen Virol 104(5):001849. https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.001849

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Annandale CH, Irons PC, Bagla VP et al (2010) Sites of persistence of lumpy skin disease virus in the genital tract of experimentally infected bulls. Reprod Domest Anim 45(2):250–255. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0531.2008.01274.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Bianchini J, Simons X, Humblet MF et al (2023) Lumpy skin disease: a systematic review of mode of transmission, risk of emergence and risk entry pathway. Viruses 15(8):1622. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15081622

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Tuppurainen ES, Lubinga JC, Stoltsz WH et al (2013) Mechanical transmission of lumpy skin disease virus by Rhipicephalus appendiculatus male ticks. Epidemiol Infect 141(2):425–430. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268812000805

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Gelaye E, Lamien CE (2019) Lumpy skin disease and vectors of LSDV. In: Kardjadj M, Diallo A, Lancelot R (eds) Transboundary animal diseases in Sahelian Africa and connected regions. Springer, Cham, pp 267–288. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25385-1_13

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  6. Paslaru AI, Maurer LM, Vögtlin A et al (2022) Putative roles of mosquitoes (Culicidae) and biting midges (Culicoides spp.) as mechanical or biological vectors of lumpy skin disease virus. Med Vet Entomol 36(3):381–389. https://doi.org/10.1111/mve.12576

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Tuppurainen ES, Oura CA (2012) Lumpy skin disease: an emerging threat to Europe, the Middle East and Asia. Transbound Emerg Dis 59(1):40–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01242.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Pestova Y, Byadovskaya O, Kononov A, Sprygin A (2018) A real time high-resolution melting PCR assay for detection and differentiation among sheep pox virus, goat pox virus, field and vaccine strains of lumpy skin disease virus. Mol Cell Probes 41:57–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcp.2018.08.003

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Sudhakar SB, Mishra N, Kalaiyarasu S et al (2020) Lumpy skin disease (LSD) outbreaks in cattle in Odisha state, India in August 2019: Epidemiological features and molecular studies. Transbound Emerg Dis 67(6):2408–2422. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.13579

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Ul-Rahman A, Niaz N, Raza MA et al (2022) First emergence of lumpy skin disease in cattle in Pakistan. Transbound Emerg Dis 69(6):3150–3152. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.14742

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Ul-Rahman A, Shahid MF, Iqbal MZ et al (2023) Evaluation of haematological, serum biochemical and oxidative stress parameters in cattle naturally infected with lumpy skin disease virus. Trop Anim Health Prod 55(3):184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-023-03608-1

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Khatri G, Rai A, Aashish S et al (2023) Epidemic of lumpy skin disease in Pakistan. Vet Med Sci 9(2):982–984. https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.1037

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Rouby SR (2018) RPO30 gene based PCR for detection and differentiation of lumpy skin disease virus and sheep poxvirus field and vaccinal strains. Vet Sci Res Rev 4(1):1–8. https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.vsrr/2018.4.1.1.8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Timurkan MÖ, Özkaraca M, Aydın H, Sağlam YS (2016) The detection and molecular characterization of lumpy skin disease virus, northeast turkey. Int J Vet Sci 5(1):44–47

    Google Scholar 

  15. Hall TA (1999) BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symp Ser 41:95–98

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Tamura K, Stecher G, Peterson D et al (2013) MEGA6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. Mol Biol Evol 30:2725–2729. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst197

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Babiuk S, Bowden TR, Parkyn G et al (2008) Quantification of lumpy skin disease virus following experimental infection in cattle. Transbound Emerg Dis 55(7):299–307. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1865-1682.2008.01024.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Aleksandr K, Pavel P, Olga B et al (2020) Emergence of a new lumpy skin disease virus variant in Kurgan Oblast, Russia, in 2018. Arch Virol 165(6):1343–1356. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-020-04607-5

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Ochwo S, VanderWaal K, Ndekezi C et al (2020) Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of lumpy skin disease virus from outbreaks in Uganda 2017–2018. BMC Vet Res 16(1):66. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-020-02288-5

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Wang J, Xu Z, Wang Z et al (2022) Isolation, identification and phylogenetic analysis of lumpy skin disease virus strain of outbreak in Guangdong, China. Transbound Emerg Dis 69(5):e2291–e2301. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.14570

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Ma J, Yuan Y, Shao J et al (2021) Genomic characterization of lumpy skin disease virus in southern China. Transbound Emerg Dis 69(5):2788–2799. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.14432

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Selim A, Manaa E, Khater H (2021) Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of lumpy skin disease in Egypt. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 79:101699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101699

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Şevik M, Doğan M (2017) Epidemiological and molecular studies on lumpy skin disease outbreaks in Turkey during 2014–2015. Transbound Emerg Dis 64(4):1268–1279. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12501

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Kumar N, Chander Y, Kumar R et al (2021) Isolation and characterization of lumpy skin disease virus from cattle in India. PLoS One 16(1):e0241022. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241022

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Maw MT, Khin MM, Hadrill D et al (2022) First report of lumpy skin disease in Myanmar and molecular analysis of the field virus isolates. Microorganisms 10(5):897. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10050897

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Tulman ER, Afonso CL, Lu Z et al (2001) Genome of lumpy skin disease virus. J Virol 75(15):7122–7130. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.75.15.7122-7130.2

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Klement E, Broglia A, Antoniou SE et al (2020) Neethling vaccine proved highly effective in controlling lumpy skin disease epidemics in the Balkans. Prev Vet Med 181:104595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.12.001

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Wolff J, Moritz T, Schlottau K et al (2020) Development of a safe and highly efficient inactivated vaccine candidate against lumpy skin disease virus. Vaccines 9(1):4. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9010004

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Hasib FM, Islam MS, Das T et al (2021) Lumpy skin disease outbreak in cattle population of Chattogram, Bangladesh. Vet Med Sci 7(5):1616–1624. https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.524

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Sudhakar SB, Mishra N, Kalaiyarasu S et al (2022) Genetic and phylogenetic analysis of lumpy skin disease viruses (LSDV) isolated from the first and subsequent field outbreaks in India during 2019 reveals close proximity with unique signatures of historical Kenyan NI-2490/Kenya/KSGP-like field strains. Transbound Emerg Dis 69(4):e451–e462. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.14322

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Sprygin A, Pestova Y, Wallace DB et al (2019) Transmission of lumpy skin disease virus: a short review. Virus Res 269:197637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2019.05.015

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Tuppurainen ES, Stoltsz WH, Troskie M et al (2011) A potential role for ixodid (hard) tick vectors in the transmission of lumpy skin disease virus in cattle. Transbound Emerg Dis 58(2):93–104. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1865-1682.2010.01184.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Sohier C, Haegeman A, Mostin L et al (2019) Experimental evidence of mechanical lumpy skin disease virus transmission by Stomoxys calcitrans biting flies and Haematopota spp. horseflies. Sci Rep 9(1):20076. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56605-6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Mafirakureva P, Saidi B, Mbanga J (2017) Incidence and molecular characterisation of lumpy skin disease virus in Zimbabwe using the P32 gene. Trop Anim Health Prod 49(1):47–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-016-1156-9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Mansour KA (2017) Phylogenetic tree analysis study of Lumpy skin disease virus based envelope protein P32 gene in Al-Qadisiyah Province, Iraq. Al-Qadisiyah J Vet Med Sci 16(1):106–111

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Rashid PM, Baba Sheikh MO, Raheem ZH, Marouf AS (2017) Molecular characterisation of lumpy skin disease virus and sheeppox virus based on p32 gene. Bulg J Vet Med 20(2):131–140. https://doi.org/10.15547/bjvm.984

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Hedayati Z, Varshovi HR, Mohammadi A, Tabatabaei M (2021) Molecular characterization of lumpy skin disease virus in Iran (2014–2018). Arch Virol 166(8):2279–2283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-021-05119-6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Lu G, Xie J, Luo J et al (2021) Lumpy skin disease outbreaks in China, since 3 August 2019. Transbound Emerg Dis 68(2):216–219. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.13898

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the veterinary field staff and Livestock & Dairy Development Department Pakistan, for their support during sample collection.

Funding

None.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Veterinary Laboratory, Ministry of National Food Security and Research, Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Shumaila Manzoor, Muhammad Abubakar & Khurshid Ahmad

  2. Department of Pathobiology & Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan

    Aziz Ul-Rahman

  3. FAO Project, National Agriculture Research Centre premises, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Zainab Syed & Muhammad Afzal

Authors
  1. Shumaila Manzoor
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Muhammad Abubakar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Aziz Ul-Rahman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Zainab Syed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Khurshid Ahmad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Muhammad Afzal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Manzoor S, Abubakar M, and Afzal M conceived the study; Abubakar M, Syed Z, and Ahmad K collected data from field outbreaks; Ul-Rahman A did data analysis; and Manzoor S, Abubakar M, and Ul-Rahman A wrote the manuscript and edited the final draft.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Shumaila Manzoor or Aziz Ul-Rahman.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

Handling Editor: William G. Dundon.

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 15 KB)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Manzoor, S., Abubakar, M., Ul-Rahman, A. et al. Molecular characterization of lumpy skin disease virus from recent outbreaks in Pakistan. Arch Virol 168, 297 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-023-05925-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-023-05925-0

Search

Navigation