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Global prevalence of hepatitis C in prisoners: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis

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Abstract

Hepatitis C virus (HCV), one of the most significant causes of liver inflammation, has a high annual mortality rate. The unfavorable hygiene conditions and inadequate health monitoring in many prisons increase the risk of blood-borne infections such as hepatitis C. The growing incidence of this disease among prisoners results in overspill transmission to the general population from undiagnosed prisoners that have been released. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of hepatitis C among the world's prison population. A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies on the prevalence of hepatitis C was carried out using the keywords “Prevalence”, “Hepatitis C”, and “Prisoner” in the Iranian and international databases SID, MagIran, Iran Doc, Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science (WoS) from January 1990 to September 2020. After transferring the articles to the information management software EndNote and eliminating duplicate studies, the remaining studies were reviewed based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, three stages of primary and secondary evaluation, and qualitative evaluation. Comprehensive meta-analysis software and Begg and Mazumdar and I2 tests were used for data analysis and assessment of dissemination bias, and heterogeneity, respectively. Out of 93 studies (22 from Asia, 26 from Europe, seven from Africa, 29 from America, and nine from Australia) with a total sample size of 145,823 subjects, the prevalence of hepatitis C in prisoners worldwide was estimated to be 17.7% (95% confidence interval, 15-20.7%). The highest prevalence of hepatitis C on the continents included in this study was reported in prisoners incarcerated in Australia and Oceania, with 28.4% (95% CI: 21.6-36.4) in nine studies, and Europe, with 25.1% (95% CI: 19.4-31.8) in 26 studies. All studies used an ELISA test for the detection of HCV antibodies. The results showed a prevalence of HCV of 17.7% in prisoners worldwide, ranging between 10 and 30% over five continents (Asia, Europe, America, Africa, and Australia and Oceania). The highest prevalence was reported in Australia and Oceania (28.4%), indicating the need to pay more attention to this issue on the continent. It is necessary to reduce the incidence of the disease in prisons by appropriate policy-making and the development of accurate and practical programs, including the distribution of free syringes and examination, testing, and screening of prisoners.

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Data availability

Datasets are available through the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Abbreviations

SID:

Scientific Information Database

PRISMA:

Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses.

WoS:

Web of Science

STROBE:

Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledge the Student Research Committee of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences.

Funding

Funding was obtained from the Deputy for Research and Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (IR) (4000300). This deputy had no role in the study process.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biostatistics, School of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran

    Nader Salari

  2. Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran

    Niloofar Darvishi, Mahvan Hemmati & Yasaman Ghyasi

  3. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Shamarina Shohaimi

  4. Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran

    Farahnaz Hossaini

  5. Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran

    Mohammad-Rafi Bazrafshan

  6. Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Gerash University of Medical Sciences, Gerash, Iran

    Hakimeh Akbari & Masoud Mohammadi

Authors
  1. Nader Salari
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  2. Niloofar Darvishi
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  9. Masoud Mohammadi
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Contributions

NS, ND, and MH contributed to the design, MM performed statistical analysis and participated in most of the study steps. MM, SH, YGH, FH, MRB, and HA prepared the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the content of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Masoud Mohammadi.

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Ethical approval was received from the Ethics Committee of the Deputy of Research and Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (IR.KUMS.REC.1399.1097).

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Salari, N., Darvishi, N., Hemmati, M. et al. Global prevalence of hepatitis C in prisoners: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Virol 167, 1025–1039 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-022-05382-1

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