Abstract
Gene silencing is a natural defense response of plants against invading RNA and DNA viruses. The RNA post-transcriptional silencing system has been commonly utilized to generate transgenic crop plants that are “immune” to plant virus infection. Here, we applied this approach against the devastating DNA virus tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) in its host tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). To generate broad resistance to a number of different TYLCV viruses, three conserved sequences (the intergenic region [NCR], V1-V2 and C1-C2 genes) from the genome of the severe virus (TYLCV) were synthesized as a single insert and cloned into a hairpin configuration in a binary vector, which was used to transform TYLCV-susceptible tomato plants. Eight of 28 independent transgenic tomato lines exhibited immunity to TYLCV-Is and to TYLCV-Mld, but not to tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus, which shares relatively low sequence homology with the transgene. In addition, a marker-free (nptII-deleted) transgenic tomato line was generated for the first time by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation without antibiotic selection, followed by screening of 1180 regenerated shoots by whitefly-mediated TYLCV inoculation. Resistant lines showed a high level of transgene-siRNA (t-siRNA) accumulation (22 % of total small RNA) with dominant sizes of 21 nt (73 %) and 22 nt (22 %). The t-siRNA displayed hot-spot distribution (“peaks”) along the transgene, with different distribution patterns than the viral-siRNA peaks observed in TYLCV-infected tomato. A grafting experiment demonstrated the mobility of 0.04 % of the t-siRNA from transgenic rootstock to non-transformed scion, even though scion resistance against TYLCV was not achieved.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Moriones E, Navas-Castillo J (2000) Tomato yellow leaf curl virus, an emerging virus complex causing epidemics worldwide. Virus Res 71:123–134
Lapidot M, Friedmann M (2002) Breeding for resistance to whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses. Ann Appl Biol 140:109–127
Cohen S, Harpaz I (1964) Periodic rather than continual acquisition of a new tomato virus by its vector, the tobacco whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius). Entomol Exp Appl 7:155–166
Czosnek H, Laterrot H (1997) A worldwide survey of tomato yellow leaf curl viruses. Arch Virol 142:1391–1406
Lapidot M, Legg JP, Wintermantel WM, Polston JE (2014) Management of whitefly-transmitted viruses in open-field production systems. Adv Virus Res 90:147–206
Cillo F, Palukaitis P (2014) Transgenic resistance. Adv Virus Res 90:35–146
Kunik T, Salomon R, Zamir D, Navot N, Zeidan M, Michelson I, Gafni Y, Czosnek H (1994) Transgenic tomato plants expressing the tomato yellow leaf curl virus capsid protein are resistant to the virus. Nat Biotechnol 12:500–504
Bendahmane M, Gronenborn B (1997) Engineering resistance against tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) using antisense RNA. Plant Mol Biol 33:351–357
Noris E, Accotto GP, Tavazza R, Brunetti A, Crespi S, Tavazza M (1996) Resistance to tomato yellow leaf curl Geminivirus inNicotiana benthamianaPlants transformed with a truncated viral C1 gene. Virology 224:130–138
Antignus Y, Vunsh R, Lachman O, Pearlsman M, Maslenin L, Hananya U, Rosner A (2004) Truncated Rep gene originated from tomato yellow leaf curl virus-Israel [Mild] confers strain-specific resistance in transgenic tomato. Ann Appl Biol 144:39–44
Brunetti A, Tavazza M, Noris E, Tavazza R, Caciagli P, Ancora G, Crespi S, Accotto GP (1997) High expression of truncated viral Rep protein confers resistance to tomato yellow leaf curl virus in transgenic tomato plants. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 10:571–579
Lucioli A, Noris E, Brunetti A, Tavazza R, Ruzza V, Castillo AG, Bejarano ER, Accotto GP, Tavazza M (2003) Tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus rep-derived resistance to homologous and heterologous geminiviruses occurs by different mechanisms and is overcome if virus-mediated transgene silencing is activated. J Virol 77:6785–6798
Yang Y, Sherwood TA, Patte CP, Hiebert E, Polston JE (2004) Use of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) rep gene sequences to engineer TYLCV resistance in tomato. Phytopathology 94:490–496
Fuentes A, Ramos PL, Fiallo E, Callard D, Sánchez Y, Peral R, Rodríguez R, Pujol M (2006) Intron–hairpin RNA derived from replication associated protein C1 gene confers immunity to tomato yellow leaf curl virus infection in transgenic tomato plants. Transgenic Res 15:291–304
Tamarzizt H, Chouchane S, Lengliz R, Maxwell D, Marrakchi M, Fakhfakh H, Gorsane F (2009) Use of tomato leaf curl virus (TYLCV) truncated Rep gene sequence to engineer TYLCV resistance in tomato plants. Acta Virol 53:99–104
Zrachya A, Kumar PP, Ramakrishnan U, Levy Y, Loyter A, Arazi T, Lapidot M, Gafni Y (2007) Production of siRNA targeted against TYLCV coat protein transcripts leads to silencing of its expression and resistance to the virus. Transgenic Res 16:385–398
Reyes MI, Nash TE, Dallas MM, Ascencio-Ibáñez JT, Hanley-Bowdoin L (2013) Peptide aptamers that bind to geminivirus replication proteins confer a resistance phenotype to tomato yellow leaf curl virus and tomato mottle virus infection in tomato. J Virol 87:9691–9706
Fusaro AF, Matthew L, Smith NA, Curtin SJ, Dedic-Hagan J, Ellacott GA, Watson JM, Wang M-B, Brosnan C, Carroll BJ, Waterhouse PM (2006) RNA interference-inducing hairpin RNAs in plants act through the viral defence pathway. EMBO Rep 7:1168–1175
Dry IB, Rigden JE, Krake LR, Mullineaux PM, Rezaian MA (1993) Nucleotide sequence and genome organization of tomato leaf curl geminivirus. J Gen Virol 74:147–151
Hanley-Bowdoin L, Settlage SB, Orozco BM, Nagar S, Robertson D (2000) Geminiviruses: models for plant DNA replication, transcription, and cell cycle regulation. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 35:105–140
Raja P, Wolf JN, Bisaro DM (2010) RNA silencing directed against geminiviruses: Post-transcriptional and epigenetic components. Biochim Biophys Acta BBA Gene Regul Mech 1799:337–351
Wesley SV, Helliwell CA, Smith NA, Wang M, Rouse DT, Liu Q, Gooding PS, Singh SP, Abbott D, Stoutjesdijk PA, Robinson SP, Gleave AP, Green AG, Waterhouse PM (2001) Construct design for efficient, effective and high-throughput gene silencing in plants. Plant J 27:581–590
Melnyk CW, Molnar A, Baulcombe DC (2011) Intercellular and systemic movement of RNA silencing signals. EMBO J 30:3553–3563
Zhao D, Song G (2014) Rootstock-to-scion transfer of transgene-derived small interfering RNAs and their effect on virus resistance in nontransgenic sweet cherry. Plant Biotechnol J 12:1319–1328
Dunoyer P, Brosnan CA, Schott G, Wang Y, Jay F, Alioua A, Himber C, Voinnet O (2010) An endogenous, systemic RNAi pathway in plants. EMBO J 29:1699–1712
Molnar A, Melnyk CW, Bassett A, Hardcastle TJ, Dunn R, Baulcombe DC (2010) Small silencing RNAs in plants are mobile and direct epigenetic modification in recipient cells. Science 328:872–875
Yoo B-C, Kragler F, Varkonyi-Gasic E, Haywood V, Archer-Evans S, Lee YM, Lough TJ, Lucas WJ (2004) A systemic small RNA signaling system in plants. Plant Cell Online 16:1979–2000
Kasai A, Sano T, Harada T (2013) Scion on a stock producing siRNAs of potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) attenuates accumulation of the viroid. PLoS One 8:e57736
Ali EM, Kobayashi K, Yamaoka N, Ishikawa M, Nishiguchi M (2013) Graft transmission of RNA silencing to non-transgenic scions for conferring virus resistance in tobacco. PLoS One 8:e63257
Sonoda S, Nishiguchi M (2000) Graft transmission of post-transcriptional gene silencing: target specificity for RNA degradation is transmissible between silenced and non-silenced plants, but not between silenced plants. Plant J 21:1–8
McCormick S (1997) Transformation of tomato with Agrobacterium tumefaciens. In: Lindsey K (ed) Plant Tissue Culture Manual. Springer, Netherlands, pp 311–319
Barg R, Pilowsky M, Shabtai S, Carmi N, Szechtman AD, Dedicova B, Salts Y (1997) The TYLCV-tolerant tomato line MP-1 is characterized by superior transformation competence. J Exp Bot 48:1919–1923
Lapidot M (2007) Screening for TYLCV-resistance plants using whitefly-mediated inoculation. In: Czosnek H (ed) Tomato yellow leaf curl virus dis. Springer, Netherlands, pp 329–342
Gal-On A, Wolf D, Wang Y, Faure J-E, Pilowsky M, Zelcer A (1998) Transgenic resistance to cucumber mosaic virus in tomato: blocking of long-distance movement of the virus in lines harboring a defective viral replicase gene. Phytopathology 88:1101–1107
Dellaporta SL, Wood J, Hicks JB (1983) A plant DNA minipreparation: version II. Plant Mol Biol Rep 1:19–21
Leibman D, Wolf D, Saharan V, Zelcer A, Arazi T, Yoel S, Gaba V, Gal-On A (2011) A high level of transgenic viral small RNA is associated with broad potyvirus resistance in cucurbits. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 24:1220–1238
Kheyr-Pour A, Bendahmane M, Matzeit V, Accotto GP, Crespi S, Gronenborn B (1991) Tomato yellow leaf curl virus from Sardinia is a whitefly-transmitted monopartite geminivirus. Nucl Acid Res 19:6763–6769
Smith NA, Singh SP, Wang M-B, Stoutjesdijk PA, Green AG, Waterhouse PM (2000) Gene expression: total silencing by intron-spliced hairpin RNAs. Nature 407:319–320
Chellappan P, Vanitharani R, Fauquet CM (2004) Short interfering RNA accumulation correlates with host recovery in DNA virus-infected hosts, and gene silencing targets specific viral sequences. J Virol 78:7465–7477
Abhary MK, Anfoka GH, Nakhla MK, Maxwell DP (2006) Post-transcriptional gene silencing in controlling viruses of the Tomato yellow leaf curl virus complex. Arch Virol 151:2349–2363
Soler N, Plomer M, Fagoaga C, Moreno P, Navarro L, Flores R, Peña L (2012) Transformation of Mexican lime with an intron-hairpin construct expressing untranslatable versions of the genes coding for the three silencing suppressors of Citrus tristeza virus confers complete resistance to the virus. Plant Biotechnol J 10:597–608
Ribeiro SG, Lohuis H, Goldbach R, Prins M (2007) Tomato chlorotic mottle virus is a target of RNA silencing but the presence of specific short interfering RNAs does not guarantee resistance in transgenic plants. J Virol 81:1563–1573
Prins M, Laimer M, Noris E, Schubert J, Wassenegger M, Tepfer M (2008) Strategies for antiviral resistance in transgenic plants. Mol Plant Pathol 9:73–83
Herzog K, Flachowsky H, Deising HB, Hanke M-V (2012) Heat-shock-mediated elimination of the nptII marker gene in transgenic apple (Malus×domestica Borkh.). Gene 498:41–49
Kapusi E, Hensel G, Coronado M-J, Broeders S, Marthe C, Otto I, Kumlehn J (2013) The elimination of a selectable marker gene in the doubled haploid progeny of co-transformed barley plants. Plant Mol Biol 81:149–160
Li B, Li N, Duan X, Wei A, Yang A, Zhang J (2010) Generation of marker-free transgenic maize with improved salt tolerance using the FLP/FRT recombination system. J Biotechnol 145:206–213
Sripriya R, Sangeetha M, Parameswari C, Veluthambi B, Veluthambi K (2011) Improved Agrobacterium-mediated co-transformation and selectable marker elimination in transgenic rice by using a high copy number pBin19-derived binary vector. Plant Sci Int J Exp Plant Biol 180:766–774
Tuteja N, Verma S, Sahoo RK, Raveendar S, Reddy INBL (2012) Recent advances in development of marker-free transgenic plants: regulation and biosafety concern. J Biosci 37:167–197
Bai Y, Guo Z, Wang X, Bai D, Zhang W (2009) Generation of double-virus-resistant marker-free transgenic potato plants. Prog Nat Sci 19:543–548
Yang C-F, Chen K-C, Cheng Y-H, Raja JAJ, Huang Y-L, Chien W-C, Yeh S-D (2014) Generation of marker-free transgenic plants concurrently resistant to a DNA geminivirus and a RNA tospovirus. Sci Rep 4:5717
Gal-On A, Wolf D, Antignus Y, Patlis L, Ryu KH, Min BE, Pearlsman M, Lachman O, Gaba V, Wang Y, Shiboleth YM, Yang J, Zelcer A (2005) Transgenic cucumbers harboring the 54-kDa putative gene of Cucumber fruit mottle mosaic tobamovirus are highly resistant to viral infection and protect non-transgenic scions from soil infection. Transgenic Res 14:81–93
Aregger M, Borah BK, Seguin J, Rajeswaran R, Gubaeva EG, Zvereva AS, Windels D, Vazquez F, Blevins T, Farinelli L, Pooggin MM (2012) Primary and secondary siRNAs in geminivirus-induced gene silencing. PLoS Pathog 8:e1002941
Llave C (2010) Virus-derived small interfering RNAs at the core of plant-virus interactions. Trends Plant Sci 15:701–707
Morilla G, Krenz B, Jeske H, Bejarano ER, Wege C (2004) Tête à tête of tomato yellow leaf curl virus and tomato yellow leaf curl sardinia virus in single nuclei. J Virol 78:10715–10723
Donaire L, Wang Y, Gonzalez-Ibeas D, Mayer KF, Aranda MA, Llave C (2009) Deep-sequencing of plant viral small RNAs reveals effective and widespread targeting of viral genomes. Virology 392:203–214
Yang X, Wang Y, Guo W, Xie Y, Xie Q, Fan L, Zhou X (2011) Characterization of small interfering RNAs derived from the geminivirus/betasatellite complex using deep sequencing. PLoS One 6:e16928
Miozzi L, Pantaleo V, Burgyán J, Accotto GP, Noris E (2013) Analysis of small RNAs derived from tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus reveals a cross reaction between the major viral hotspot and the plant host genome. Virus Res 178:287–296
Garcia-Ruiz H, Takeda A, Chapman EJ, Sullivan CM, Fahlgren N, Brempelis KJ, Carrington JC (2010) Arabidopsis RNA-dependent RNA polymerases and dicer-like proteins in antiviral defense and small interfering RNA biogenesis during turnip mosaic virus infection[W][OA]. Plant Cell 22:481–496
Molnár A, Csorba T, Lakatos L, Várallyay É, Lacomme C, Burgyán J (2005) Plant virus-derived small interfering RNAs originate predominantly from highly structured single-stranded viral RNAs. J Virol 79:7812–7818
Qi X, Bao FS, Xie Z (2009) Small RNA deep sequencing reveals role for Arabidopsis thaliana RNA-dependent RNA polymerases in viral siRNA biogenesis. PLoS One 4:e4971
Rouphael Y, Schwarz D, Krumbein A, Colla G (2010) Impact of grafting on product quality of fruit vegetables. Sci Hortic 127:172–179
Brosnan CA, Voinnet O (2011) Cell-to-cell and long-distance siRNA movement in plants: mechanisms and biological implications. Curr Opin Plant Biol 14:580–587
Himber C, Dunoyer P (2015) The tracking of intercellular small RNA movement. Methods Mol Biol Clifton NJ 1217:275–281
Acknowledgments
We acknowledge a contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel, No. 547/15. This work was supported by grants from Volcani Center ARO and Zeraim Gedera Seed Company (grant no.132-150110).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors do not have any conflict of interest.
Additional information
Diana Leibman, Shanmugam Prakash and Dalia Wolf have contributed equally to this work.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Leibman, D., Prakash, S., Wolf, D. et al. Immunity to tomato yellow leaf curl virus in transgenic tomato is associated with accumulation of transgene small RNA. Arch Virol 160, 2727–2739 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-015-2551-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-015-2551-7