Abstract
The study explored the dependence of the spatio-temporal pattern of rainfall and its variability on the spatial distribution of forests in the central Indian landscape, which covers ~1 million km2, includes five states, and supports a population of 329 million people. The monsoon rainfall is, thus, a crucial source of freshwater for these population. We analyzed the relationship between rainfall and satellite-derived vegetation vigor, vegetation fraction, and elevation across 22 experimental zones across central India (i.e., forested, non-forested, and agricultural regions; buffer zones within and outside forests). Around 87% of annual rainfall is received during the monsoon, with maximum rainfall (~1600 mm) in Odisha and minimum (~900 mm) in Maharashtra. The average rainfall was greater (~1500 mm) inside forests than in non-forested regions (~1000 mm). Moreover, 245 mm km−2 year−1 of rainfall was observed over forests during monsoon, but only 215 mm km−2 year−1 in non-forested areas. Overall, rainfall increases from the forest edge towards the forest core logarithmically at a rate of ~10 mm km−1 year−1, and it decreases exponentially when moving away from the forest edge at an average rate of −20 mm km−1 year−1 over 0-to-50 km range, and at a rate of −7.5 mm km−1 year−1 over the 50-to-100 km range. This rate of decrease was maximum in Madhya Pradesh and Jharkhand and minimum in Chhattisgarh. The results confirmed the crucial role of forests in the distribution of monsoon rainfall, but in the elevated and Western Ghats regions, the orographic effect is dominant. These findings are of great concern to forest policymakers to conserve and protect the central Indian forests.
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Data availability
The data analyzed to carry out the current study are freely available from the LPDAAC (Land Processing Distributed Active Archive Center) (https://lpdaac.usgs.gov). The monthly precipitation dataset of Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS version 2.0) is also freely available for downloading from 1981 onwards (ftp://ftp.chg.ucsb.edu/pub/org/chg/products/CHIRP/month-ly). Data used in this research are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Change history
06 September 2023
The ESM file was replaced with the updated title.
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank NASA (Land Processing Distributed Active Archive Center) for providing the MODIS data and the Climate Hazard Group, University of California at Santa Barbara (UCSB), for providing the CHIRPS data freely. We would also like to thank Dr. Raman Sukumar, Honorary Professor, Centre of Ecological Science, Indian Institute Sciences, Bangalore, for his valuable comments and suggestions. The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the editor of the journal and all the anonymous reviewers whose comments have helped to significantly improve this manuscript.
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This work was supported by Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, India, which funded the PhD program of BS (Ref. No. OO/Estb/Ph.D/20017-18/2772).
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BS and CJ designed the study, carried out data analysis, and wrote the manuscript. VSR, PMA, MDB, CPS, JD, and PSR participated in the logical discussion for improving the concepts and data analysis and contributed to editing and enhancing the write-up. All authors discussed the results, discussion, and conclusion. All the authors have given their approval to the final version.
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Singh, B., Jeganathan, C., Rathore, V. et al. The relationship between central Indian terrestrial vegetation and monsoon rainfall distributions in different hydroclimatic extreme years using time-series satellite data. Theor Appl Climatol 155, 45–69 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-023-04582-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-023-04582-2