Abstract
Land use and land cover (LULC) changes have some implications on land–atmosphere interactions, surface energy budget, and hydrological cycle. The understanding of LULC changes and their interactions with the environment provide better management of agriculture, forests, and water resources. LULC changes are frequently observed in developing countries such as Türkiye and much research has been conducted in this field. However, few studies investigated the countrywide LULC changes and their interactions with energy fluxes and precipitation. In this paper, LULC changes in Türkiye over the last two decades have been evaluated by utilizing an Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) derived from the Terra satellite. The latent and sensible heat fluxes were obtained from the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA-2) reanalysis datasets. Precipitation data were acquired from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite. The results showed that EVI has an increasing trend over Türkiye between 2000 and 2021, while climate change–induced desertification, droughts, and forest fires have threatened the vegetative cover in some portions of the country. The latent heat flux has a rising trend due to increasing vegetative cover and irrigated areas. A slight reduction was observed in sensible heat flux, while a sharp increase was witnessed in specific humidity. EVI represented a high positive correlation (R = 0.84) with sensible heat flux and a moderate positive correlation (R = 0.69) with latent heat flux. No significant relation was determined between EVI and precipitation on a monthly basis.
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Figure 1a is adapted from Wikipedia (https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye%27nin_co%C4%9Frafi_b%C3%B6lgeleri). Figure 1d and e are acquired from the Corine database (https://corinecbs.tarimorman.gov.tr/). SRTM 90 m DEM Digital Elevation Database (https://srtm.csi.cgiar.org) was used for the creation of Fig. 1b. The rest of the data used in this study can be downloaded from the Giovanni website (https://giovanni.gsfc.nasa.gov/giovanni/).
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The authors acknowledge Basarsoft Inc. for providing an academic license of MapInfo Pro 2017 software, which was used to create Fig. 1c.
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Salman Tariq: conceptualization, review and editing. Özgür Zeydan: visualization, writing—review and editing. Hasan Nawaz: visualization, review and editing. Usman Mehmood: methodology, review and editing. Zia ul-Haq: supervision, review and editing.
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Tariq, S., Zeydan, Ö., Nawaz, H. et al. Impact of land use/land cover (LULC) changes on latent/sensible heat flux and precipitation over Türkiye. Theor Appl Climatol 153, 1237–1256 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-023-04535-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-023-04535-9