Abstract
Precipitation in northeastern Algeria is irregular, often exhibiting exceptional values. Extreme precipitation events, such as annual maximum daily precipitation (AMDP), can cause major disasters. Changes in global climate have increased the frequency and intensity of AMDP in many areas. This article examines the distribution and quantile mapping of AMDP, using the data from 180 precipitation stations covering eight watersheds in northeastern Algeria between 1970 and 2014. The watersheds, from east to west, are Coastal Algiers, Soummam, El Hoddna, Coastal Constantine, Kebir Rhumel, High Plateaus Constantine, Seybouse, and Medjerdah. By applying different goodness-of-fit tests, the chi-square (χ2), Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS), Anderson–Darling test (AD), and log-likelihood ratio test, the best-fit distribution function for frequency analysis of AMDP was determined to be the generalized extreme value (GEV), with a 95% confidence level. The maximum value of AMDP for the data series generally varied between 60 and 150 mm, with higher values in the humid zone and lower values in the arid zone. The validity of the data used in this study was assessed through a series of tests, including the Wald–Wolfowitz test for independence, the Kendall test for stationarity, and the Wilcoxon test for homogeneity. Results of these tests demonstrated that a majority of the data met the conditions for independence, stationarity, and homogeneity. Results of goodness-of-fit test and graphical fit provided further support for the appropriateness of the GEV probability distribution function as the best fit for the data. Application of various goodness-of-fit tests for the first time on a significant number of stations in northeastern Algeria provided a better understanding of the uncertainties in frequency analysis and helped identify the most suitable distribution function for modeling AMDP in different climate regimes. The findings highlight the high-risk zones for extreme precipitation events and emphasize the need for increased investment in water resource infrastructure and management in order to address the challenges posed by climate change and population growth. This is particularly important in ensuring water security for agricultural and urban needs in northeastern Algeria.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Not applicable.
References
Ahammed F, Hewa GA, Argue RJ (2014) Variability of annual daily maximum rainfall of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Atmos Res 137:176–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.10.013
Akaike H (1974) A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Transact Auto Control 19(6):716–723. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAC.1974.1100705
Alam MA, Emura K, Farnham C, Yuan J (2018) Best-fit probability distributions and return periods for maximum monthly rainfall in Bangladesh. Clim 6:1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli6010009
Anderson TW, Darling DA (1952) Asymptotic theory of certain “goodness-of-fit” criteria based on stochastic processes. Ann Math Stat 23:193–212
ANRH (National Agency for Water Resources) (2005) Map of the hydroclimatological network and water quality monitoring in Algeria [Map]. Scale 1:500,000. Algiers, Algeria: ANRH
Bajirao TS (2021) Comparative performance of different probability distribution functions for maximum rainfall estimation at different time scales. Arab J Geosci 14:2138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-08580-4
Beaudet G, Marre A (1988) Géomorphologie du Tell oriental algérien. Méditerranée, Troisième Série, Tome 63:68–70
Beck F, Bárdossy A, Seidel J, Müller T, Sanchis EF, Hauser A (2015) Statistical analysis of sub-daily precipitation extremes in Singapore. J Hydrol: Region Stud 3:337–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2015.02.001
Beirlant J, Goegebeur Y, Segers J, Teugels JL (2004) Statistics of extremes: theory and applications, vol 558. John Wiley &Sons, Ltd., Wiltshire, UK
Bella N, Dridi H, Kalla M (2020) Statistical modeling of annual maximum precipitation in Oued El Gourzi Watershed. Algeria Appl Water Sci 10:94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-020-1175-6
Benabdesselam T, Amarchi H (2013) Approche régionale pour l’estimation des précipitations journalieres extremes du nord est Algérien [Regional approach for estimating extreme daily rainfall in northeastern Algeria]. Courrier Du Savoir 17:175–184
Benaini M (2015) Etude de la variabilité spatio-temporelle des précipitations dans le Nord-Est d’Algérie [Study of the spatio-temporal variability of precipitation in the North-East of Algeria]. Université de hassiba Benbouali de Chlef, Mémoire de Magistère, p 185
Benhattab K, Bouvier C, Meddi M (2011) Regional analysis for the estimation of low-frequency daily rainfalls in Cheliff catchment, Algeria. From prediction to prevention of hydrological risk in Mediterranean countries. Proceedings of the MED-FRIEND International Workshop on Hydrological Extremes held at University of Calabria (Italy). pp 55–65
Benhattab K, Bouvier C, Meddi M (2014) Regional frequency analysis of maximal daily annual rainfalls in Cheliff catchment. Algeria Revue Des Sciences De L’eau 27(3):189–203
Beniston M, Stephenson DB, Christensen OB et al (2007) Future extreme events in European climate: an exploration of regional climate model projections. Clim Change 81:71–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-006-9226-z
Boucefiane A, Meddi M (2020) Regional growth curves and extreme precipitation events estimation in the steppe area of northwestern Algeria. Atmósfera 32(4):287–303. https://doi.org/10.20937/atm.2019.32.04.03
Bousquet N, Bernardara P (2021) Extreme value theory with applications to natural hazards. Springer International Publishing
Burnham KP, Anderson D (2002) Model selection and multi-model inference. Springer, New York
Chen PC, Wang YH, You GJY, Wei CC (2017) Comparison of methods for non-stationary hydrologic frequency analysis: case study using annual maximum daily precipitation in Taiwan. J Hydrol 545:197–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.001
Chen L, Singh VP, Huang K (2018) Bayesian technique for the selection of probability distributions for frequency analyses of hydrometeorological extremes. Entropy 20(2):117. https://doi.org/10.3390/e20020117
Chen MZ, Papadikis K, Jun CY (2021) An investigation on the non-stationarity of flood frequency across the UK. J Hydrol 597:126309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126309
Chen Z, & Miao F (2012) Interval and point estimators for the location parameter of the three-parameter lognormal distribution. J Quality Reliabil Engineering, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/897106
Coles SG, Tawn JA (1996) A Bayesian analysis of extreme rainfall data. J R Stat Soc: Ser C: Appl Stat 45(4):463–478. https://doi.org/10.2307/2986068
Coles S, Bawa J, Trenner L, Dorazio P (2001) An introduction to statistical modeling of extreme values, vol 208. Springer, London, p 208
Cunderlik JM, Ouarda TBMJ (2009) Trends in the timing and magnitude of floods in Canada. J Hydrol 375:471–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.06.050
Dad S, Benabdesselam T (2018) Regional frequency analysis of extreme precipitation in northeastern Algeria. J Water Land Dev 39:27–37. https://doi.org/10.2478/jwld-2018-0056
Dalrymple T (1960) Flood-frequency analyses (No. 1543). US Government Printing Office
Dirks KN, Hay JE, Stow CD, Harris D (1998) High-resolution studies of rainfall on Norfolk Island: Part II: Interpolation of rainfall data. J Hydrol 208(3–4):187–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(98)00155-3
El Adlouni S, Bobée B, Ouarda T (2008) On the tails of extreme event distributions. J Hydrol 355:16–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.02.011
Flowers-Cano RS, Ortiz-Gómez R (2021) Comparison of four methods to select the best probability distribution for frequency analysis of annual maximum precipitation using Monte Carlo simulations. Theor Appl Climatol 145:1177–1192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-021-03683-0
Frich P, Alexander LV, Della-Marta P, Gleason B et al (2002) Observed coherent changes in climatic extremes during the second half of the twentieth century. Clim Res 19(3):193–212. https://doi.org/10.3354/cr019193
Gado TA, Salama AM, Zeidan BA (2021) Selection of the best probability models for daily annual maximum rainfalls in Egypt. Theor Appl Climatol 144(3):1267–1284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-021-03594-0
Gao L, Huang J, Chen XW, Chen Y, Liu MB (2018) Contributions of natural climate changes and human activities to the trend of extreme precipitation. Atmos Res 205:60–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.02.006
Garijo C, Mediero L (2018) Influence of climate change on flood magnitude and seasonality in the Arga River catchment in Spain. Acta Geophys 66:769–790. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11600-018-0143-0
Goula BTA, Soro EG, Kouassi W, Srohourou B (2012) Tendances et ruptures au niveau des pluies journalières extrêmes en Côte d’Ivoire (Afrique de l’Ouest). Hydrol Sci J 57(6):1067–1080. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2012.692880
Gumbel EJ (1941) The return period of flood flows. The Annals Mathematical Statistics 12(2):163–190. https://doi.org/10.1214/aoms/1177731747
Haan CT (1994) Statistical methods in hydrology. Affiliated East-West Press Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India
Habibi B, Meddi M, Boucefiane A (2012) Analyse fréquentielle des pluies journalières maximales Cas du Bassin Chott-Chergui. Nature & Technologie 8:41–48
Hailegeorgis TT, Thorolfsson ST, Alfredsen K (2013) Regional frequency analysis of extreme precipitation with consideration of uncertainties to update IDF curves for the city of Trondheim. J Hydrol 498:305–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.06.019
Hamed K, Rao AR (eds) (2019) Flood frequency analysis. CRC press
Hebal A, Remini B (2011) Choice of the most appropriate frequency model for estimating extreme flood values (case of northern Algeria. Can J Civ Eng 38(8):881–892. https://doi.org/10.1139/l11-067
Hirabayashi Y, Alifu H, Yamazaki D et al (2021) Anthropogenic climate change has changed frequency of past flood during 2010–2013. Prog Earth Planet Sci 8(36):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-021-00431-w
Hosking JRM, Wallis JR (1987) Parameter and quantile estimation for generalized Pareto distribution. Technometrics 29(3):339–349. https://doi.org/10.1080/00401706.1987.10488243
Hussain MS, Lee S (2013) The regional and the seasonal variability of extreme precipitation trends in Pakistan. Asia-Pacific J Atmos Sci 49:421–441. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13143-013-0039-5
Hussain Z, Khan IR, Nisar M et al (2021) Frequency analysis of annual maximum rainfall series of fifteen meteorological observatories of Sindh. Pakistan Arab J Geosci 14(749):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-06981-z
Justel A, Peña D, Zamar R (1997) A multivariate Kolmogorov-Smirnov test of goodness of fit. Statist Probab Lett 35(3):251–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-7152(97)00020-5
Katz RW, Brown BG (1992) Extreme events in a changing climate: variability is more important than averages. Clim Change 21(3):289–302. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00139728
Katz RW, Parlange MB, Naveau P (2002) Statistics of extremes in hydrology. Adv Water Resour 25(1287):1304. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1708(02)00056-8
Keggenhoff I, Elizbarashvili M, Amiri-Farahani A, King L (2014) Trends in daily temperature and precipitation extremes over Georgia, 1971–2010. Weather Clim Extrem 4:75–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2014.05.001
Kite GW (1975) Confidence limits for design events. Water Resour Res 11(1):48–53. https://doi.org/10.1029/WR011i001p00048
Kondratieva T, Amarchi H (2015) Régionalisation des précipitations journalières extrêmes : cas de la région située au Nord-Est de l’Algérie [Regionalization of extreme daily precipitation: case of the region located in the North-East of Algeria]. Hydrol Sci J 60(3):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2014.988154
Kousar S, Khan AR, Ul Hassan M, Noreen Z, Bhatti SH (2020) Some best-fit probability distributions for at-site flood frequency analysis of the Ume River. J Flood Risk Management 13:e12640. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12640
Koutsoyiannis D, Baloutsos G (2000) Analysis of a long record of annual maximum rainfall in Athens, Greece, and design rainfall inferences. Nat Hazards 22:29–48. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008001312219
Kumar V, Shanu, Jahangeer (2017) Statistical distribution of rainfall in Uttarakhand, India. Appl Water Sci 7:4765–4776. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-017-0586-5
Laio F (2004) Cramer–von Mises and Anderson‐Darling goodness of fit tests for extreme value distributions with unknown parameters. Water Resources Research, 40(9). https://doi.org/10.1029/2004WR003204
Leclerc M, Ouarda TB (2007) Non-stationary regional flood frequency analysis at ungauged sites. J Hydrol 343:254–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.06.021
Liu D, Guo S, Lian Y, Xiong L, Chen X (2015) Climate-informed low-flow frequency analysis using nonstationary modelling. Hydrol Process 29(9):2112–2124. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10360
Ly S, Charles C, Degré A (2011) Geostatistical interpolation of daily rainfall at catchment scale: the use of several variogram models in the Ourthe and Ambleve catchments, Belgium. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 15:2259–2274. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-2259-2011
Mailhot A, Kingumbi A, Talbot G, Poulin A (2010) Future changes in intensity and seasonal pattern of occurrence of daily and multi-day annual maximum precipitation over Canada. J Hydrol 388:173–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.04.038
Maity R, Maity (2018) Statistical methods in hydrology and hydroclimatology, vol 555. Springer, Singapore
Malamud BD, Turcotte DL (2006) The applicability of power law frequency statistics to floods. J Hydrol 322:168–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.02.032
Malekinezhad H, Zare-Garizi A (2014) Regional frequency analysis of daily rainfall extremes using L-moments approach. Atmósfera 27(4):411–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0187-6236(14)70039-6
Mamoon A, Rahman A (2016) Selection of the best fit probability distribution in rainfall frequency analysis for Qatar. Nat Hazards Springer, Netherlands. 86(1):281–296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2687-0
Mebarki A (2002) Contributions of river flows and hydrological balances in the Eastern Algerian basins [Apports des cours d’eau et bilans hydrologiques des bassins de l’est Algérien]. Bull des Sci Géograph: 46–54
Mebarki A (2005) Hydrology of Eastern Algerian basins: water resources, development, and environment [Hydrologie des Bassins de l’est Algérien : Ressources en Eau, Aménagement et Environnement]. doctoral dissertation. University Salah-Mentouri of Constantine
Meddi M, Toumi S (2015) Spatial variability and cartography of maximum annual daily rainfall under different return periods in the North of Algeria. J Mt Sci 12:1403–1421. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-014-3084-3
Melesse A, Abtew W, Dessalegne T, Wang X (2010) Low and high flow analyses and wavelet application for characterization of the Blue Nile River system. Hydrol Processes: an Int J 24(3):241–252. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7312
Merzougui A, Zghibi A (2020) Characterization of homogeneous regions for regional frequency analysis of heavy daily precipitation in central Tunisia. Arab J Geosci 13:1141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-06151-7
Meylan P, Favre AC, Musy A (2012) Predictive hydrology: a frequency analysis approach. CRC Press
Murray V, Ebi KL (2012) IPCC special report on managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaptation (SREX). J Epidemiol Commun Health 66(9):759–760
Naghavi B, Yu FX, Singh VP (1993) Comparative evaluation of frequency distributions for Louisiana extreme rainfall 1. JAWRA J Am Water Res Ass 29(2):211–219. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1993.tb03202.x
Nasri B, Bouezmarni T, Ouarda TBMJ (2017) Non-stationary hydrologic frequency analysis using B-spline quantile regression. J Hydrol 554:532–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.09.035
Norbiato D, Borga M, Sangat M, Zanon F (2007) Regional frequency analysis of extreme precipitation in the eastern Italian Alps and the August 29, 2003 flash flood. J Hydrol 345(3-4):149–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.07.009
Noto LV, La Loggia G (2008) Use of L-moments approach for regional flood frequency analysis in Sicily, Italy. Water Resour Manag 23:2207–2229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-008-9378-x
Nyatuame M, Agodzo S (2017) Analysis of extreme rainfall events (drought and flood) over Tordzie Watershed in the Volta Region of Ghana. J Geosci Environ Prot 5:275–295. https://doi.org/10.4236/gep.2017.59019
Ojha CSP, Berndtsson R, Bhunya P (2008) Engineering hydrology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, p 440
Ondo JC, Ouarda TB, Bobée B (1997) Bibliographic review of homogeneity and independence tests [Revue bibliographique des tests d’homogénéité et d’indépendance]
Onibon H, Ouarda TB, Rarbet M, St-Hilaire A, Bobee B, Bruneau P (2004) Analyse fréquentielle régionale des précipitations journalières maximales annuelles au Québec. Canada Hydrol Sci J 49(4):717–735. https://doi.org/10.1623/hysj.49.4.717.54421
Patel NR, Shete DT (2015) Analyzing precipitation using concentration indices for North Gujarat Agro Climatic Zone, India. Aquatic Procedia 4:917–924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqpro.2015.02.115
Pombo S, de Oliveira RP (2015) Evaluation of extreme precipitation estimates from TRMM in Angola. J Hydrol 523:663–679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.02.014
Rahman MM, Sarkar S, Najafi MR, Rai RK (2013) Regional extreme rainfall mapping for Bangladesh using L-moment technique. J Hydrol Eng 18(5):603–615. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000663
Rizwan M, Anjum L, Mehmood Q et al (2023) Daily maximum rainfall estimation by best-fit probability distribution in the source region of Indus River. Theor Appl Climatol 151:1171–1183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-022-04334-8
Rousseau AN, Klein IM, Freudiger D, Gagnon P, Frigon A, Ratté-Fortin C (2014) Development of a methodology to evaluate probable maximum precipitation (PMP) under changing climate conditions: application to southern Quebec, Canada. J Hydrol 519:3094–3109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.10.053
Rousta I, Soltani M, Zhou W, Cheung H (2016) Analysis of extreme precipitation events over Central Plateau of Iran. Amer J Clim Chan 05:297–313. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajcc.2016.53024
Rulfová Z, Buishand A, Roth M, Kyselý J (2016) A two-component generalized extreme value distribution for precipitation frequency analysis. J Hydrol 534:659–668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.01.03
Sabarish RM, Narasimhan R, Chandhru AR, Suribabu CR, Sudharsan J, Nithiyanantham S (2017) Probability analysis for consecutive day maximum rainfall for Tiruchirapalli City (south India, Asia). Appl Water Sci 7:1033–1042
Salas JD, Obeysekera J (2014) Revisiting the concepts of return period and risk for nonstationary hydrologic extreme events. J Hydrol Eng 19(3):554–568. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)he.1943-5584.0000820
Salinas JL, Castellarin A, Kohnová S, Kjeldsen TR (2014) Regional parent flood frequency distributions in Europe–part 2: climate and scale controls. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 18(11):4391–4401. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4391-2014
Sangal BP, Biswas AK (1970) The 3-parameter lognormal distribution and its applications in hydrology. Water Resour Res 6(2):505–515. https://doi.org/10.1029/WR006i002p00505
Santos M, Fragoso M, Santos JA (2017) Regionalization and susceptibility assessment to daily precipitation extremes in mainland Portugal. Appl Geog 86:128–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2017.06.020
Sarfaraz Q, Masood M, Shakir AS, Sarwar MK, Khan NM, Azhar AH (2021) Flood frequency analysis of River Swat using easyfit model & statistical approach. Pak J Engg Appl Sci 29:8–21
Schervish MJ, DeGroot MH (2012) Probability and statistics. Pearson Education
Schwarz GE (1978) Estimating the dimension of a model. Ann Stat 6(2):461–464
Sen Roy S, Balling RC (2004) Trends in extreme daily precipitation indices in India. Int J Climatol J R Meteorol Soc 24:457–466. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.995
Shamir E, Georgakakos KP, Murphy MJ (2013) Frequency analysis of the 7–8 December 2010 extreme precipitation in the Panama Canal Watershed. J Hydrol 480:136–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.12.010
Shao Y, Wu J, Li M (2017) Study on quantile estimates of extreme precipitation and their spatiotemporal consistency adjustment over the Huaihe River basin. Theor Appl Climatol 127(1):495–511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-016-1940-5
Shin H, Jung Y, Jeong C, Heo JH (2012) Assessment of modified Anderson-Darling test statistics for the generalized extreme value and generalized logistic distributions. Stoch Env Res Risk Assess 26:105–114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-011-0463-y
Siddique R, Palmer R (2020) Climate change impacts on local flood risks in the U.S. northeast: a case study on the Connecticut and Merrimack River basins. J Am Water Resour Assoc 57(1):75–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.12886
Sienz F, Schneidereit A, Blender R, Fraedrich K, Lunkeit F (2010) Extreme value statistics for North Atlantic cyclones. Tellus a: Dyn Meteorol and Oceanog 62(4):347–360. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0870.2009.00449.x
Slakter MJ (1965) A Comparison of the Pearson Chi-Square and Kolmogorov goodness-of-fit tests with respect to validity. J Am Stat Assoc 60(311):854–858. https://doi.org/10.2307/2283251
Smithers JC, Schulze RE (2001) A methodology for the estimation of short duration design storms in South Africa using a regional approach based on L-moments. J Hydrol 241(1–2):42–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00374-7
Stedinger JR (1980) Fitting log normal distributions to hydrologic data. Water Res Res 16(3):481–490. https://doi.org/10.1029/wr016i003p00481
Stedinger JR, Vogel RM, Foufoula GE (1993) Frequency analysis of extreme events. In: Maidment D (ed), Handbook of hydrology. New York: McGraw-Hill
Stephens MA (1974) EDF statistics for goodness of fit and some comparisons. J Am Stat Assoc 69:730–737
Szolgay J, Parajka J, Kohnová S, Hlavčová K (2009) Comparison of mapping approaches of design annual maximum daily precipitation. Atmos Res 92:289–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2009.01.009
Tabari H (2020) Climate change impact on flood and extreme precipitation increases with water availability. Sci Rep 10(13768):10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-70816-2
Taibi S, Meddi M, Mahé G (2015) Evolution des pluies extrêmes dans le bassin du Chéliff (Algérie) au cours des 40 dernières années 1971–2010. Proc IAHS 369:175–180. https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-369-175-2015
Teegavarapu R (2012) Floods in a changing climate: extreme precipitation (International Hydrology Series). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Villarini G, Serinaldi F, Smith JA, Krajewski WF (2009) On the stationarity of annual flood peaks in the continental United States during the 20th century. Water Resour Res 45:W08417. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008WR007645
Yang T, Xu CY, Shao QX, Chen X (2010) Regional flood frequency and spatial patterns analysis in the Pearl River Delta region using L-moments approach. Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess 24(2):165–182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-009-0308-0
Yang X, Xie X, Liu DL, Ji F, Wang L (2015) Spatial interpolation of daily rainfall data for local climate impact assessment over greater Sydney region. Advances in Meteorology 2015:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/563629
Yuan J, Emura K, Farnham C, Alam MA (2018) Frequency analysis of annual maximum hourly precipitation and determination of best fit probability distribution for regions in Japan. Urban Clim 24:276–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2017.07.008
Yurekli K, Modarres R, Ozturk F (2009) Regional daily maximum rainfall estimation for Cekerek Watershed by L‐moments. Meteorol Applic J Forecast Pract Applic Train Tech Modell 16(4):435–444. https://doi.org/10.1002/met.139
Zakaria ZA, Shabri A (2013) Regional frequency analysis of extreme rainfalls using partial L moments method. Theor Appl Climatol 113:83–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-012-0763-2
Zhang J, Wu Y (2002) Beta approximation to the distribution of Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic. Ann Inst Stat Math 54:577–584. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022463111224
Zhang H, Chen L, Singh VP (2021) Flood frequency analysis using generalized distributions and entropy-based model selection method. J Hydrol 595:125610. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHYDROL.2020.125610
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
MB designed the research, performed the experiments and data processing, wrote the manuscript, and contributed to the analysis and discussion of results. MA provided strategic guidance and oversight of the project. MGMA conducted a thorough revision of the manuscript and made important editorial suggestions. VPS supervised the work, verified the methods used, and provided valuable feedback on the results. All authors contributed to the critical evaluation and shaping of the research, analysis, and manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Benaini, M., Achite, M., Amin, M.G.M. et al. Frequency analysis of annual maximum daily precipitation in northeastern Algeria: mapping and implications under climate variability. Theor Appl Climatol 153, 1411–1424 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-023-04525-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-023-04525-x