Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Understanding precipitation characteristics of Afghanistan at provincial scale

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Theoretical and Applied Climatology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study examines the pattern and trend of seasonal and annual precipitation along with extreme precipitation events in a data scare, south Asian country, Afghanistan. Seven extreme precipitation indices were considered based on the intensity, duration, and frequency of precipitation events. The study revealed that the precipitation pattern of Afghanistan is unevenly distributed at seasonal and yearly scales. Southern and southwestern provinces remain significantly dry whereas, the northern and northeastern provinces receive comparatively higher precipitation. Spring and winter seasons bring about 80% of yearly precipitation in Afghanistan. However, a notable declining precipitation trend was observed in these two seasons. An increasing trend in precipitation was observed for the summer and autumn seasons, however; these seasons are the lean periods for precipitation. A declining annual precipitation trend was also revealed in many provinces of Afghanistan. Analysis of extreme precipitation indices reveals a general drier condition in Afghanistan. Large spatial variability was found in precipitation indices. In many provinces of Afghanistan, significantly declining trends were observed in intensity-based (Rx1-day, RX5-day, SDII, and R95p) and frequency-based (R10) precipitation indices. The duration-based precipitation indices (CDD and CWD) also infer a general drier climatic condition in Afghanistan. This study will assist the agriculture and allied sectors to take well-planned adaptive measures in dealing with the changing patterns of precipitation, and additionally, facilitate future studies for Afghanistan.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

Some or all data, and models that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Code availability

Available on request.

References

  • Aguilar E, Peterson TC, Obando PR, Frutos R, Retana JA, Solera M, Soley J, García IG, Araujo RM, Santos AR, Valle VE (2005) Changes in precipitation and temperature extremes in Central America and northern South America, 1961–2003. J Geophys Res Atmos 110(D23)

  • Aich V, Akhundzadah NA, Knuerr A, Khoshbeen AJ, Hattermann F, Paeth H, Scanlon A, Paton EN (2017) Climate change in afghanistan deduced from reanalysis and coordinated regional climate downscaling experiment (CORDEX)—South Asia simulations. Climate 5(2):38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ajjur SB, Riffi MI (2020) Analysis of the observed trends in daily extreme Precipitation indices in Gaza Strip during 1974–2016. Int J Climatol

  • Akinsanola AA, Kooperman GJ, Pendergrass AG, Hannah WM, Reed KA (2020) Seasonal representation of extreme precipitation indices over the United States in CMIP6 present-day simulations. Environ Res Lett

  • Alexander LV, Tapper N, Zhang X, Fowler HJ, Tebaldi C, Lynch A (2009) Climate extremes: progress and future directions. Int J Climatol 29(3):317–319

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alexander LV, Bador M, Roca R, Contractor S, Donat MG, Nguyen PL (2020) Intercomparison of annual precipitation indices and extremes over global land areas from in situ, space-based and reanalysis products. Environ Res Lett 15(5):055002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arun A (2012) Hydrologic study and flood control design criteria for Hari Rud River Basin. Western Basin Water Resources Management Project, Ministry of Energy and Water, Kabul, Afghanistan

  • Balling RC, Keikhosravi Kiany MS, Sen Roy S, Khoshhal J (2016) Trends in extreme precipitation indices in Iran: 1951–2007. Adv Meteorol 2016

  • Bhattacharya K, Azizi PM, Shobair S, Mohsini MY (2004) Drought impacts and potential for their mitigation in southern and western Afghanistan(Vol. 91).IWMI

  • Bhatti AS, Wang G, Ullah W, Ullah S, Hagan FT D, Kwesi Nooni I, Lou D and Ullah I (2020) Trend in Extreme Precipitation Indices Based on Long Term In Situ Precipitation Records over Pakistan. Water 12(3):797

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bintanja R, Selten FM (2014) Future increases in Arctic precipitation linked to local evaporation and sea-ice retreat. Nature 509(7501):479–482

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bothe O, Fraedrich K, Zhu X (2012) Precipitation climate of Central Asia and the large-scale atmospheric circulation. Theoret Appl Climatol 108(3–4):345–354

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brönnimann S, Rajczak J, Fischer EM, Raible C, Rohrer M, Schär C (2018) Changing seasonality of moderate and extreme precipitation events in the Alps. Nat Hazard 18(7):2047–2056

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campling P, Gobin A, Feyen J (2001) Temporal and spatial rainfall analysis across a humid tropical catchment. Hydrol Process 15(3):359–375

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen S, Gan TY, Tan X, Shao D, Zhu J (2019) Assessment of CFSR, ERA-Interim, JRA-55, MERRA-2, NCEP-2 reanalysis data for drought analysis over China. Clim Dyn 53(1–2):737–757

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chunxiang LI, Tianbao ZHAO, Chunxiang SHI, Zhiquan LIU (2020) Evaluation of daily precipitation product in China from the CMA global atmospheric interim reanalysis. J Meteorol Res 34(1):117–136

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • CSO Central Statistics Organization (2018) Afghanistan Living Conditions Survey 2016–17. Kabul, CSO

  • Dai A (2013) Increasing drought under global warming in observations and models. Nat Clim Chang 3(1):52–58

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson B, Spannagle M (2009) The complete guide to climate change. Routledge, ISBN10: 0–203–88846–4

  • de Lima JAG, Alcântara CR (2019) Comparison between ERA Interim/ECMWF, CFSR, NCEP/NCAR reanalysis, and observational datasets over the eastern part of the Brazilian Northeast Region. Theoret Appl Climatol 138(3–4):2021–2041

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dile YT, Srinivasan R (2014) Evaluation of CFSR climate data for hydrologic prediction in data-scarce watersheds: an application in the Blue Nile River Basin. J Am Water Resour Assoc (JAWRA) 1–16

  • Donat MG, Alexander LV, Yang H, Durre I, Vose R, Caesar J (2013) Global land-based datasets for monitoring climatic extremes. Bull Am Meteor Soc 94(7):997–1006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dos Santos CA, Neale CM, Rao TV, Da Silva BB (2011) Trends in indices for extremes in daily temperature and precipitation over Utah, USA. Int J Climatol 31(12):1813–1822

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El Afandi G (2014) Evaluation of NCEP climate forecast system reanalysis (CFSR) against surface observations over Egypt. Am J Sci Technol 1(4):157–167

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO (2013) http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/irrigationmap/afg/index.stm. Accessed 05 Apr 2020 

  • FAO (2016) The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan-Land Cover Atlas, ISBN 978–92–5–108915–6, http://www.fao.org/geospatial/resources/detail/en/c/1024570/. Accessed 10 Jul 2020

  • FAO (2018) 15 Years in Afghanistan a special report: 2003–2018. Rome, p 126. http://www.fao.org/3/CA14336EN/ca1433en.pdf. Accessed 5 May 2020

  • FAO, WFP, IFAD (2012) The state of food insecurity in the world: economic growth is necessary but not sufficient to accelerate reduction of hunger and malnutrition. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), and the World Food Programme (WFP), FAO, Rome, Italy, 62 pp

  • Feng H, Zhang M (2015) Global land moisture trends: drier in dry and wetter in wet over land. Sci Rep 5(1):1–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Fu G, Yu J, Yu X, Ouyang R, Zhang Y, Wang P, Liu W, Min L (2013) Temporal variation of extreme rainfall events in China, 1961–2009. J Hydrol 487:48–59

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fuka DR, Walter MT, MacAlister C, Degaetano AT, Steenhuis TS, Easton ZM (2014) Using the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis as weather input data for watershed models. Hydrol Process 28(22):5613–5623

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gachon P, St-Hilaire A, Ouarda TBMJ, Nguyen VTV, Lin C, Milton J, Chaumont D, Goldstein J, Hessami M, Nguyen TD, Selva F (2005) A first evaluation of the strength and weaknesses of statistical downscaling methods for simulating extremes over various regions of eastern Canada. Final report, Sub-component, Climate Change Action Fund (CCAF),Environment Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada, 209pp

  • Gallant AJ, Hennessy KJ, Risbey J (2007) Trends in rainfall indices for six Australian regions: 1910–2005. Aust Meteorol Mag 56(4):223–241

    Google Scholar 

  • Gentilucci M, Barbieri M, D’Aprile F, Zardi D (2020) Analysis of extreme precipitation indices in the Marche region (central Italy), combined with the assessment of energy implications and hydrogeological risk. Energy Rep 6:804–810

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greve P, Orlowsky B, Mueller B, Sheffield J, Reichstein M, Seneviratne SI (2014) Global assessment of trends in wetting and drying over land. Nat Geosci 7(10):716–721

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grimm AM, Tedeschi RG (2009) ENSO and extreme rainfall events in South America. J Clim 22(7):1589–1609

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hallegatte S, Rozenberg J (2017) Climate change through a poverty lens. Nat Clim Chang 7(4):250–256

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Handmer J, Honda Y, Kundzewicz ZW, Arnell N, Benito G, Hatfield J, Mohamed IF, Peduzzi P, Wu S, Sherstyukov B, Takahashi K (2012) Changes in impacts of climate extremes: human systems and ecosystems. In Managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaptation special report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change 231–290. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

  • Haylock M, Nicholls N (2000) Trends in extreme rainfall indices for an updated high quality data set for Australia, 1910–1998. Int J Climatol 20(13):1533–1541

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heidinger H, Carvalho L, Jones C, Posadas A, Quiroz R (2018) A new assessment in total and extreme rainfall trends over central and southern Peruvian Andes during 1965–2010. Int J Climatol 38:e998–e1015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hijioka Y, Lin E, Pereira JJ, Corlett RT, Cui X, Insarov GE, Lasco RD, Lindgren E, Surjan A (2014) Asia in Climate Change 2014: Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part B: regional aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA 1327–1370

  • Hope C (2006) The marginal impact of CO2 from PAGE2002: an integrated assessment model incorporating the IPCC's five reasons for concern. Integr assess 6(1)

  • Hountondji YC, De Longueville F, Ozer P (2011) August. Trends in extreme rainfall events in Benin (West Africa), 1960–2000. In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Energy. Environ Clim Chang

  • Hu Z, Chen X, Chen D, Li J, Wang S, Zhou Q, Yin G, Guo M (2019) “Dry gets drier, wet gets wetter”: A case study over the arid regions of central Asia. Int J Climatol 39(2):1072–1091

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ikram F, Afzaal M, Bukhari SAA, Ahmed B (2016) Past and future trends in frequency of heavy rainfall events over Pakistan. Pakistan J Meteorol 12(24)

  • Iqbal MW, Donjadee S, Kwanyuen B, Liu SY (2018) Farmers’ perceptions of and adaptations to drought in Herat Province. Afghanistan J Mt. Sci 15(8):1741–1756

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • IRCSO (2015) Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Center Statistics Organization. Afghanistan Statistical Yearbook (2014–2015);IRCSO: Kabul. Afghanistan 2015:144–153

    Google Scholar 

  • Iskander SM, Rajib MA, Rahman MM (2014) Trending regional precipitation distribution and intensity: use of climatic indices. Atmos Clim Sci 2014

  • Jajarmizadeh M, Sidek LM, Mirzai M, Alaghmand S, Harun S, Majid MR (2016) Prediction of surface flow by forcing of climate forecast system reanalysis data. Water Resour Manage 30(8):2627–2640

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jayawardena ISP, Darshika DT, Herath HRC (2018) Recent trends in climate extreme indices over Sri Lanka. Am J Clim Chang 7(4):586–599

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jiménez CBE, Oki T, Arnell NW, Benito G, Cogley JG, Döll P, Jiang T, Mwakalila SS (2014) Freshwater resources, In Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part A: global and sectoral aspects. Contribution of working group II to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, pp 229–269

  • Jones JAA, Vardanian TG, Hakopian C (eds) (2009) Threats to global water security. NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environ Secur

  • Joshi N, Gupta D, Suryavanshi S, Adamowski J, Madramootoo CA (2016) Analysis of trends and dominant periodicities in drought variables in India: a wavelet transform based approach. Atmos Res 182:200–220

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kakar K, Xuan TD, Haqani MI, Rayee R, Wafa IK, Abdiani S, Tran HD (2019) Current situation and sustainable development of rice cultivation and production in Afghanistan. Agriculture 9–49

  • Kawasaki S, Watanabe F, Suzuki S, Nishimaki R, Takahashi S (2012) Current situation and issues on agriculture of Afghanistan. J Arid Land Stud 22(1):345–348

    Google Scholar 

  • Kendall MG (1955) Rank Correlation Methods. Charles Griffin, London, p 160

  • Khedhaouiria D, Mailhot A, Favre AC (2018) Stochastic post-processing of CFSR daily precipitation across Canada. Atmos Ocean 56(2):104–116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King AD, Alexander LV, Donat MG (2013) The efficacy of using gridded data to examine extreme rainfall characteristics: a case study for Australia. Int J Climatol 33(10):2376–2387

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kruger AC (2006) Observed trends in daily precipitation indices in South Africa: 1910–2004. Int J Climatol 26(15):2275–2285

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kruger AC, Nxumalo MP (2017) Historical rainfall trends in South Africa: 1921–2015. Water SA 43(2):285–297

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar M, Denis DM, Suryavanshi S (2016) Long-term climatic trend analysis of Giridih district, Jharkhand (India) using statistical approach. Model Earth Syst Environ 2(3):116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kundzewicz ZW (2008) Climate change impacts on the hydrological cycle. Ecohydrol Hydrobiol 8(2–4):195–203

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lu J, Liu Z, Liu W, Chen X, Zhang L (2020) Assessment of CFSR and CMADS weather data for capturing extreme hydrologic events in the Fuhe River Basin of the Poyang Lake. JAWRA J Am Water Res Assoc

  • Ma Q, Zhang J, Game AT, Chang Y, Li S (2020) Spatiotemporal variability of summer precipitation and precipitation extremes and associated large-scale mechanisms in Central Asia during 1979–2018. J Hydrol X 100061

  • Maletta H, Favre R (2003) Agriculture and food production in post-war Afghanistan: a report on the winter agricultural survey 2002–2003. Afghanistan Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry (FAAHM) & Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Kabul

  • Mann HB (1945) Non-parametric tests against trend. Econometrica 13:245–259

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manton MJ, Della-Marta PM, Haylock MR, Hennessy KJ, Nicholls N, Chambers LE, Collins DA, Daw G, Finet A, Gunawan D, Inape K (2001) Trends in extreme daily rainfall and temperature in Southeast Asia and the South Pacific: 1961–1998. Int J Climatol 21(3):269–284

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez-Cruz DA, Gutiérrez M, Alarcón-Herrera MT (2020) Spatial and temporal analysis of precipitation and drought trends using the climate forecast system reanalysis (CFSR). In Stewardship of Future Drylands and Climate Change in the Global South 129–146. Springer, Cham

  • Mendelsohn R, Morrison W, Schlesinger ME, Andronova NG (2000) Country-specific market impacts of climate change. Clim Change 45(3–4):553–569

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milbrandt A, Overend R (2011) Assessment of biomass resources in Afghanistan (No. NREL/TP-6A20–49358). National Renewable Energy Lab.(NREL), Golden, CO (United States)

  • Miyan MA (2015) Droughts in Asian least developed countries: Vulnerability and sustainability. Weather Clim Extremes 7:8–23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mo KC, Long LN, Xia Y, Yang SK, Schemm JE, Ek M (2011) Drought indices based on the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis and ensemble NLDAS. J Hydrometeorol 12(2):181–205

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Modarres R, Sarhadi A (2009) Rainfall trends analysis of Iran in the last half of the twentieth century. J Geophys Res 114

  • Muhammad A, Kumar Jha S, Rasmussen PF (2017) Drought characterization for a snow-dominated region of Afghanistan. J Hydrol Eng 22(8):05017014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mukhopadhyay B, Khan A (2014) A quantitative assessment of the genetic sources of the hydrologic flow regimes in Upper Indus Basin and its significance in a changing climate. J Hydrol 509:549–572

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murty PS, Pandey A, Suryavanshi S (2014) Application of semi-distributed hydrological model for basin level water balance of the Ken basin of Central India. Hydrol Process 28(13):4119–4129

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nigussie TA, Altunkaynak A (2019) Impacts of climate change on the trends of extreme rainfall indices and values of maximum precipitation at Olimpiyat Station, Istanbul. Turk Theor Appl Climatol 135(3–4):1501–1515

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nordhaus W (2014) Estimates of the social cost of carbon: concepts and results from the DICE-2013R model and alternative approaches. J Assoc Environ Resour Econ 1(1/2):273–312

    Google Scholar 

  • Partal T, Kahya E (2006) Trend analysis in Turkish precipitation data. Hydrol Process 20:2011–2026

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peng D, Zhou T, Zhang L, Wu B (2018) Human contribution to the increasing summer precipitation in Central Asia from 1961 to 2013. J Clim 31(19):8005–8021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson T, Folland C, Gruza G, Hogg W, Mokssit A, Plummer N (2001) Report on the activities of the working group on climate change detection and related rapporteurs. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfister S, Koehler A, Hellweg S (2009) Assessing the environmental impacts of freshwater consumption in LCA. Environ Sci Technol 43(11):4098–4104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Popov T, Gnjato S, Trbić G, Ivanišević M (2019) Analysis of extreme precipitation indices in the east Herzegovina (Bosnia and Herzegovina). J Geogr Inst " Jovan Cvijic", SASA 69(1):1–16

  • Qian WH, Lin X (2005) Regional trends in recent precipitation indices in China. Meteorol Atmos Phys 90(3–4):193–207

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qureshi AS (2002) Water resources management in Afghanistan: The issues and options(Vol. 49). Iwmi

  • Qutbudin I, Shiru MS, Sharafati A, Ahmed K, Al-Ansari N, Yaseen ZM, Shahid S, Wang X (2019) Seasonal drought pattern changes due to climate variability: case study in Afghanistan. Water 11(5):1096

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rehana S, Krishna Reddy P, Sai Bhaskar Reddy N, Daud AR, ShoaibSaboory SK, Tomer SK (2019) Regional scale spatiotemporal trends of precipitation and temperatures over Afghanistan. Clim Change 5(19):141–149

    Google Scholar 

  • Ren HL, Ren P (2017) Impact of Madden–Julian Oscillation upon winter extreme rainfall in Southern China: Observations and predictability in CFSv2. Atmosphere 8(10):192

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ridley J, Wiltshire A, Mathison C (2013) More frequent occurrence of westerly disturbances in Karakoram up to 2100. Sci Total Environ 468:S31–S35

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Samuel HA (2014) A study of poverty, food insecurity and resiliencies in Afghan Cities; Urban Poverty Report; Danish Refugee Council and People in Need: Copenhagen. Denmark 5–7

  • Salem MZ, Hole FD (1969) Soil geography and factors of soil formation in Afghanistan. Soil Sci 107(4):289–295

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Savage M, Dougherty B, Hamza M, Butterfield R, Bharwani S (2009) Socio-economic impacts of climate change in Afghanistan. Stockholm Environment Institute, Oxford, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmocker J, Liniger HP, Ngeru JN, Brugnara Y, Auchmann R, Brönnimann S (2016) Trends in mean and extreme precipitation in the Mount Kenya region from observations and reanalyses. Int J Climatol 36(3):1500–1514

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scoccimarro E, Gualdi S, Bellucci A, Zampieri M, Navarra A (2013) Heavy precipitation events in a warmer climate: Results from CMIP5 models. J Clim 26(20):7902–7911

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sediqi MN, Shiru MS, Nashwan MS, Ali R, Abubaker S, Wang X, Ahmed K, Shahid S, Asaduzzaman M, Manawi SMA (2019) Spatio-temporal pattern in the changes in availability and sustainability of water resources in Afghanistan. Sustainability 11(20):5836

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sen Roy S, Balling RC Jr (2004) Trends in extreme daily precipitation indices in India. Int J Climatol 24(4):457–466

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shahid S (2011) Trends in extreme rainfall events of Bangladesh. Theoret Appl Climatol 104(3–4):489–499

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma D, Babel MS (2014) Trends in extreme rainfall and temperature indices in the western Thailand. Int J Climatol 34(7):2393–2407

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma A, Goyal MK (2020) Assessment of the changes in precipitation and temperature in Teesta River basin in Indian Himalayan Region under climate change. Atmos Res 231:104670

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma RK, Sonder K, Gbegbelegbe SD (2015) Potential impact of climate change trends on wheat production and mitigation strategies in Afghanistan. J Agric Sci

  • Shokory JAN, Tsutsumi JIG, Yamada H, Kløve B (2017) Intra-seasonal Variation of Rainfall and Climate Characteristics in Kabul River Basin. Cent Asian J Water Res 3(2):2689

    Google Scholar 

  • Subramanian V, Nasirov V, Salem MZ (1962) Generalized soil map of Afghanistan. F AO/UNESCO Wld Soil Res Rep 4:56–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Some’e BS, Ezani A, Tabari H (2012) Spatiotemporal trends and change point of precipitation in Iran. Atmos Res 113:1–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sneyers R (1990) On the statistical analysis of series of observations. Technical Note 143, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland p 192

  • Suryavanshi S, Pandey A, Chaube UC, Joshi N (2014) Long-term historic changes in climatic variables of Betwa Basin. India Theor Appl Climatol 117(3–4):403–418

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ta Z, Yu R, Chen X, Mu G, Guo Y (2018) Analysis of the spatio-temporal patterns of dry and wet conditions in Central Asia. Atmosphere 9(1):7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tao F, Yokozawa M, Hayashi Y, Lin E (2003) Future climate change, the agricultural water cycle, and agricultural production in China. Agr Ecosyst Environ 95(1):203–215

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tol RS (2009) The economic effects of climate change. J Econ Perspect 23(2):29–51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tolera MB, Chung IM, Chang SW (2018) Evaluation of the climate forecast system reanalysis weather data for watershed modeling in Upper Awash basin. Ethiopia Water 10(6):725

    Google Scholar 

  • Tramblay Y, El Adlouni S, Servat E (2013) Trends and variability in extreme precipitation indices over Maghreb countries. Nat Hazard 13(12):3235–3248

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trenberth KE (2011) Changes in precipitation with climate change. Clim Res 47(1–2):123–138

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turco M, LlasatBotija MDC (2011) Trends in indices of daily precipitation extremes in Catalonia (NE Spain), 1951–2003. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 11:3213–3226

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Valverde MC, Marengo JA (2014) Extreme rainfall indices in the hydrographic basins of Brazil. Open J Mod Hydrol 2014

  • Vincent LA, Mekis E (2006) Changes in daily and extreme temperature and precipitation indices for Canada over the twentieth century. Atmos Ocean 44(2):177–193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vinnarasi R, Dhanya CT (2016) Changing characteristics of extreme wet and dry spells of Indian monsoon rainfall. J Geophys Res 121(5):2146–2160

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wei W, Zhang R, Wen M, Yang S (2017) Relationship between the Asian westerly jet stream and summer rainfall over Central Asia and North China: Roles of the Indian monsoon and the South Asian High. J Clim 30(2):537–552

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • World Food Programme (WFP), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) & Afghanistan’s National Environmental Protection Agency (NEPA) (2016) Climate change in Afghanistan - what does it mean for rural livelihoods and food security? https://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/Afghanistan/Afg_CC_RuralLivelihoodsFoodSecurity_Nov2016.pdf. Assessed 1 Apr 2020

  • Xu L, Zhou H, Du L, Yao H, Wang H (2015) Precipitation trends and variability from 1950 to 2000 in arid lands of Central Asia. J Arid Land 7(4):514–526

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yohe G, Tol RS (2002) Indicators for social and economic coping capacity—moving toward a working definition of adaptive capacity. Glob Environ Chang 12(1):25–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yosef Y, Aguilar E, Alpert P (2019) Changes in extreme temperature and precipitation indices: Using an innovative daily homogenized database in Israel. Int J Climatol 39(13):5022–5045

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu Q, Yang X, Ji F, Liu DL, Yu Q (2020) Extreme rainfall, rainfall erosivity, and hillslope erosion in Australian Alpine region and their future changes. Int J Climatol 40(2):1213–1227

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, India

    Shakti Suryavanshi

  2. IIT Jammu, Jammu, India

    Nitin Joshi, Hardeep Kumar Maurya & Divya Gupta

  3. NIT Jamshedpur, Jamshedpur, India

    Keshav Kumar Sharma

Authors
  1. Shakti Suryavanshi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Nitin Joshi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Hardeep Kumar Maurya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Divya Gupta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Keshav Kumar Sharma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Shakti Suryavanshi: conceptualization, investigation and writing—original draft. Nitin Joshi: conceptualization, methodology, writing—review and editing. Hardeep Kumar Maurya: data curation, visualization. Divya Gupta: writing—review and editing. Keshav Kumar Sharma: editing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shakti Suryavanshi.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

This work is not published elsewhere.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Suryavanshi, S., Joshi, N., Maurya, H.K. et al. Understanding precipitation characteristics of Afghanistan at provincial scale. Theor Appl Climatol 150, 1775–1791 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-022-04257-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-022-04257-4

Search

Navigation