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Neuromarkers in addiction: definitions, development strategies, and recent advances

  • Psychiatry and Preclinical Psychiatric Studies - Review Article
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Abstract

Substance use disorders (SUDs) are the most costly and prevalent psychiatric conditions. Recent calls emphasize a need for biomarkers—measurable, stable indicators of normal and abnormal processes and response to treatment or environmental agents—and, in particular, brain-based neuromarkers that will advance understanding of the neurobiological basis of SUDs and clinical practice. To develop neuromarkers, researchers must be grounded in evidence that a putative marker (i) is sensitive and specific to the psychological phenomenon of interest, (ii) constitutes a predictive model, and (iii) generalizes to novel observations (e.g., through internal cross-validation and external application to novel data). These neuromarkers may be used to index risk of developing SUDs (susceptibility), classify individuals with SUDs (diagnostic), assess risk for progression to more severe pathology (prognostic) or index current severity of pathology (monitoring), detect response to treatment (response), and predict individualized treatment outcomes (predictive). Here, we outline guidelines for developing and assessing neuromarkers, we then review recent advances toward neuromarkers in addiction neuroscience centering our discussion around neuromarkers of craving—a core feature of SUDs. In doing so, we specifically focus on the Neurobiological Craving Signature (NCS), which show great promise for meeting the demand of neuromarkers.

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Data Availability

Data for Figure 1 were extracted from PubMed and are available here: https://osf.io/y8u6s/

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Funding

This research was supported by National Institute on Drug Abuse R01 DA043690 (HK), T32 DA022975 (NRH).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA

    Nicholas R. Harp & Hedy Kober

  2. Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA

    Tor D. Wager

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  1. Nicholas R. Harp
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  2. Tor D. Wager
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  3. Hedy Kober
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Correspondence to Hedy Kober.

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Harp, N.R., Wager, T.D. & Kober, H. Neuromarkers in addiction: definitions, development strategies, and recent advances. J Neural Transm 131, 509–523 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-024-02766-2

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