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Geographic patterns of morphological variation in Turnera sidoides subsp. pinnatifida (Turneraceae)

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Abstract

With the objective of contributing to understanding the patterns of variation within the Turnera sidoides complex, a detailed evaluation of morphological variation along the range of T. sidoides subsp. pinnatifida was performed. A multivariate analysis based on leaf traits and flower colour data enabled differentiation of five morphotypes. Common-garden experiments demonstrated that the morphological variants have a strong genetic basis. It was also found that the morphotypes are geographically structured along the subspecies range, display different habitat preferences, and occur in regions with different climatic regimes. Although these results are suggestive of adaptive differentiation of T. sidoides subsp. pinnatifida, comparisons between morphological and bioclimatic ordinations showed that the patterns observed cannot be fully explained by current climatic conditions. It is proposed that Miocene–Pleistocene events may explain the origin of the five morphotypes and that current climatic and ecological factors may be contributing to the maintenance of the extent and patterns of morphological differentiation in T. sidoides subsp. pinnatifida.

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Acknowledgments

This research was partially supported by grants from the Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica, Tecnológica y de Innovación (ANPCyT- FONCyT, PICT 01-14674; PICTO 07-90), CONICET (PIP 5998) and the Secretaría General de Ciencia y Técnica (UNNE, PI-014/07). Collection trips were partially supported by the Myndel Botanica Foundation. The author thanks Dr J.G. Seijo for helpful comments on earlier versions of this manuscript. VGSN is a member of the Carrera de Investigador Científico of CONICET.

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  1. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias (UNNE), Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste (UNNE-CONICET), Casilla de Correo 209, 3400, Corrientes, Argentina

    Viviana G. Solís Neffa

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  1. Viviana G. Solís Neffa
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Correspondence to Viviana G. Solís Neffa.

Appendices

Appendix 1

Detailed information about the material of Turnera sidoides subsp. pinnatifida examined in this study.

ARGENTINA. Buenos Aires: Las Palmas, −34.0833 −59.1667, 25 asl, Boelke 4970 (SI). Ituzaingo, −34.6667 −58.6667, 28 asl, Holmberg 116 (SI). Guaminí, −37.0333 −62.4167, 95 asl, Nicora 4191 (SI). Anchorena, −34.4833 −58.4833, 0 asl, Refniez 182 (BAF). Azul, −36.7833 −59.8500, 136 asl, Puyssegur s/n (CORD). Bahía Blanca, −38.7167 −62.2833, 38 asl, S33, Solís Neffa 22 (CTES). Napostá, −38.4333 −62.2500, 181 asl, Verettoni and Lamberto 3162 (BB). Campana, Campana, −34.1769 −58.9208, 2 asl, Hunziker 1041 (CORD). Coronel Suárez, El Pantanoso, −37.4666 −61.9166, 234 asl, S238, Seijo 2915 (CTES). Villa Arcadia, −37.4666 61.9166, 234 asl, S249, Seijo s/n. Escobar, Garín, −34.4233 −58.7619, 13 asl, Lanfrandi 443 (SI). General Pueyrredón, Mar del Plata, −38.000, −57.5500, 38 asl, Pelosi 24 (SI). Pilar, −34.4836 −58.9319, 18 asl, Del Viso 667 (SI). Tornquist, Sierra de la Ventana, −38.1500 −61.800, 250 asl, Hunziker 612 (CORD). Catamarca: Quebrada de Cébila, −32.7833 −67.0333, 112 asl, S240, Seijo and Solís Neffa 3017 (CTES). Ambato, −28.2167 −65.8667, 726 asl, S71, Solís Neffa et al. 344 (CTES). Sierra de Ambato, El Rodeo, −28.2167 −65.8667, 1,300 asl, Hunziker 20784 (CORD). La Rinconada, Sierra de Graciana, −27.9500 −65.8667, 1,144 asl, Saravia Toledo et al. 12856 (CTES). 1 km W from Los Varela, −27.9500 −65.8667, 1,144 asl, Saravia Toledo et al. 12942 (CTES). La Puerta, −28.1667 −65.8000, 873 asl, Saravia Toledo et al. 13047 (CTES). 2 km S from El Bolson, −27.9167 −65.8833, 1,229 asl, Saravia Toledo et al. 13090 (CTES). 0.5 km N from Los Varela, −27.9500 −65.8667, 1,144 asl, Saravia Toledo et al. 13144 (CTES). Divisoria de Cuencia (Los Puestos y Singuil), N from El Bolson, −27.8167 −65.8667, 1,170 asl, Saravia Toledo et al. 13258 (CTES). Sierra de Graciana, −27.8833 −65.7167, 1,281 asl, Saravia Toledo et al. 13282 (CTES). La Paz, La Brea, −29.2000 −65.1667, 218 asl, Brizuela 462 (CTES). Between San Antonio de la Paz and Icaño, −28.9333 −65.1000, 257 asl, Hunziker 17162 (CORD). Ancasti, San Antonio, −27.8667, −67.2667, 2,035 asl, Tatter 4306 (CORD). Between Maná and Las Caleras, towards San Francisco, −28.4500 −65.2500, 566 asl, Hunziker 15748 (CORD). Andalgalá, El Suncho, −29.200 −65.3667, 305 asl, Jörgensen 1615 (SI/BAF/BA). Ea. Las Rosas, −27.6000 −66.3167, 1,700 asl, Filipovich 54 (CORD). El Alto, Sierra Ancasti, 9 km S from Dique de Coyogasta, −28.8167 −65.500, 870 asl, Hunziker 17264 (CORD). Capital, Choya, −28.4333 −65.7833, 541 asl, Guaglianone and Ulibarri 843 (CORD). Córdoba: Falda de San Esteban, Sierra Chica, −30.9167 −64.5500, 1,007 asl, Kurtz 2817 (CORD). General Paz, −31.1333 −64.1500, 513 asl, Stuckert 385 (CORD). General Roca, between Burmeister and Onagoity, −34.7500 −63.6, 128 asl, Di Fulvio 21380 (CORD). Río Seco, −29.900 −63.7167, 315 asl, Stuckert 2368 (CORD). Achala, Punta Sierra, −30.8000 −65.1667, 413 asl, Stuckert 10716 (CORD). Río I, Ea. San Teodoro, −31.3333 −63.6167, 242 asl, Stuckert 11892 (CORD). Pan de Azúcar, Sierra Chica, −31.2500 −64.4333, 1,760 asl, Kurtz 4444 (CORD). Colón, Sierra Chica (E slope), −31.1667 −64.3333, 729 asl, Subils 651 (CORD). Calamuchita, between Santa Rosa and Yacanto, −32.0500 −65.0500, 745 asl, Gutiérrez 39 (CORD). Capital, Ciudad Universitaria, −31.1667 −64.1833, 383 asl, S87, Solís Neffa and Seijo 985 (CTES). Los Altos, −31.1667 −64.3000, 701 asl, Kurtz 584 (CORD). Altos Sud, ca. Córdoba, −31.400 −64.1833, 383 asl, Stuckert 5025 (CORD). San Vicente, −31.8500 −65.4333, 392 asl, Kurtz 583 (CORD). Colón, Casa Bamba, −31.3500 −64.4000, 555 asl, Stuckert 23894 (CORD). Ischilín, Ongamira, −30.7667 −64.4333, 1,334 asl, Stuckert 16557 (CORD). Marcos Juárez, Marcos Juárez, −32.700 −62.1000, 108 asl, Stuckert 17856 (CORD). Punilla, Capilla del Monte, −30.8500 −64.5166, 979 asl, S234, Solís Neffa and Seijo 966 (CTES). −30.8500 −64.5166, 979 asl, S235, Solís Neffa and Seijo 967 (CTES). −30.8500 −64.5166, 979 asl, S236, Solís Neffa and Seijo 968 (CTES). −30.8500 −64.5166, 79 asl, S237, Solís Neffa and Seijo 969 (CTES). Carlos Paz, −31.3833 −64.5167, 661 asl, S112, Solís Neffa 486 (CTES). Los Cocos, −30.9167 −64.5000, 1,221 asl. Pedersen 9935 (CTES). Copina, −31.5667 −64.7000, 1,494 asl, Hosseus 522 (CORD). Cuchi Corral, −30.9833 −64.6000, 934 asl, von Rentzell 18832 (SI). Tanti Viejo, −31.3333 −64.6000, 996 asl, Novara 128 (CORD). La Falda, −31.0833 −64.5000, 952 asl, Hunziker 8449 (CORD). Santa María, Dique Los Molinos, −31.8500 −64.3833, 460 asl, S115, Solís Neffa s/n. Near Toledo, −31.5667 −64.0167, 367 asl, Hunziker 16571 (CORD). Alta Gracia, −31.6667 −64.4333, 515 asl, Hunziker 1271 (CORD). Despeñaderos, −31.8167 −64.3000, 445 asl, Krapovickas 6521 (SI/CORD). Sierras Grandes, between Salsacate and Los Gigantes, −31.3167 −65.0833, 910 asl, Luti 1255 (CORD). Río Cuarto, Moldes, −33.6333 −64.6000, 341 asl, Stuckert 21402 (CORD). Río Cuarto, −33.1333 −64.3500, 425 asl, de Loos 3749 (CORD). San Alberto, Despeñaderos, Olmedo, Mina Clavero, −31.7167 −65.000, 915 asl, Stuckert 10574 (CORD). Totoral, Totoral, −30.8167 −63.7167, 233 asl, Stuckert 8541 (CORD). Unión, Idiazábal, −32.8000 −63.0333, 143 asl, Subils 2489 (CORD). Canales, −33.5500 −62.8833, 109 asl, Roth 21885 (CORD). Tulumba, Cerro Colorado, −30.4000 −64.1167, 668 asl, Hunziker 14496 (CORD). Río Seco, Tulumba, −29.9000 −63.7167, 315 asl, Hunziker 7789 (CORD). Corrientes: Capital, Molina Punta, −27.4667 −58.9000, 58 asl, S9, Schinini 29142 (CTES). Curuzú Cuatiá, route to Parada Acuña, −29. 9167 −57.9667, 57 asl, S84, Solís Neffa 387 (CTES). Avalos stream, 31 km S from Perugorria, −29.3333 −58.6167, 49 asl, Schinini 21648 (CTES). Empedrado, Estancia La Yela, −27.9500 −58.8000, 56 asl, Pedersen 6409 (CTES). Sombrerito stream and route 12, −27.7000 −58.7667, 61 asl, Schinini 13857 (CTES). Esquina, route 126, towards Sauce, −30.2294 −58.8333, 51 asl, S418, Solís Neffa et al. 2201 (CTES). 26 Km SE from Libertador, −30.3333 −59.3333, 32 asl, Krapovickas et al. 27425 (CTES). Lavalle, Yataytí, −29.0166 −58.8833, 58 asl, S36, Schinini et al. 29142 (CTES). Mercedes, route 123 km 89, −29.0100 −58.3333, 75 asl, S31, Solís Neffa et al. 307 (CTES). Route 123 km 65, −29.1000 −58.3300, 98 asl, S30, Solís Neffa et al. 44 (CTES). Route 119 km 89, −31.8333 −62.0500, 98 asl, S85, Solís Neffa 388 (CTES). Route 119 km 65, −29.1000 −58.3300, 98 asl, S213, Solís Neffa and Seijo 977 (CTES). Route 119 km 97, −31.8333 −62. 5000, 98 asl, S223, Solís Neffa and Seijo 978 (CTES). Route 123, −29.1000 −58.3300, 98 asl, S314, Solís Neffa et al. 1990 (CTES). Route 119, 7 km S from Mercedes, −29.1000 −58.3333, 75 asl, Tressens et al. 2252 (CTES). Pay-Ubre Grande stream and road to Ita Cora, −28.9333 −58.1500, 66 asl, Tressens et al. 2274 (CTES). 6 km S from F. Yofre, −29.1000, −58.3333, 74 asl, Tressens et al. 2531 (CTES). Monte Caseros, Mocoretá, Curuzú stream, −30.0500 −57.8167, 53 asl, S219. Mocoretá, towards Juan Pujol, −30.4024 −57.0161, 74 asl, S424, Solís Neffa et al. s/n. Mocoreta river, −30.6333 −57.9667, 25 asl, Ahumada et al. 3911 (CTES). Dpt. San Cosme, −27.3167 −58.5833, 50 asl, S86, Solís Neffa 496 (CTES). Sauce, Chacra El Timbó, 3 Km N from Sauce, −30.0833 −58.7667, 36 asl, Ahumada et al. 1340 (CTES). Chaco: Alte. Brown, Pampa del Infierno, −26.5358 −61.1405, 126 asl, S201, Solís Neffa et al. 935 (CTES). Bermejo, Las Palmas, −27.0667 −58.7000, 64 asl, Jörgensen 2551 (SI). Chacabuco, Charata, −27.2167 −61.2000, 85 asl, Martinez Crovetto 10432 (CTES). General Güemes, Castelli, −26.9499 −60.6166, 103 asl, S239, Schinini and Urbani 35770 (CTES). Independencia, 4 km SE from Avia Terai, −26.7000 −60.7333, 98 asl, Schinini 19475 (CTES). 1º de Mayo, Colonia Benítez, −27.3333 −58.9333, 52 asl, S32, Solís Neffa 306 (CTES). 9 de Julio, Las Breñas, −27.0833 −61.0833, 103 asl, S315, Solís Neffa 1994 (CTES). 12 de Octubre, General Pinedo, −27.3167 −61.2833, 93 asl, Schulz 8910 (CTES). 25 de Mayo, Tres Palmas. Caplan 27 (CTES). General Pinedo, −27.3167 −61.2833, 78 asl, Schultz 8910 (CTES). Entre Ríos: Paraná, −31.7333 −60.5333, 76 asl, Jozani 148 (SI). Route 1, between Los Conquistadores and Chajarí, −30.7008 −58.1906, 76 asl, S423, Solís Neffa et al. 2217 (CTES). Colón, port, −32.2167 −58.1333, 2 asl, S34, Solís Neffa et al. 309. Federacion, Chajari, −30.7667 −57.9833, 34 asl, Cabrera 12366 (LP). Formosa: Laishi, route 11, 18 km NE from Bermejo river, −26.0000 −58.0000, 66 asl, S24, Arbo 2697 (CTES). Bermejo, Laguna Yema, −24.2500 −61.2500, 153 asl, Schinini and Pire 24251 (CTES). Matacos, route 81 km 1591, −24.3972 −61.0500, 171 asl, S168, Solís Neffa et al. 583. Jujuy: Capital, Yala, graveyard, −24.1252 −65.3988, 1,467 asl, S182, Solís Neffa et al. 827 (CTES). Lozano, −24.1333 −65.3833, 1,414 asl, S184, Solís Neffa et al. 829 (CTES). Palpalá, −24.2783 −65.1983, 1,113 asl, S181, Solís Neffa and Seijo 959 (CTES). −24.2500 −65.2000, 1,104 asl, S212, Solís Neffa and Seijo 959 (CTES). Termas de Reyes, −24.1667 −65.4833, 1,754 asl, Arbo 695 (CTES). Reyes −24.1667 −65.3667, 1,364 asl, Schreiter 266 (BA). El Carmen, “El Cadillal” airport, −24.3730 −65.0930, 918 asl, S180, Solís Neffa and Seijo s/n. Pampa Blanca, −24.55 −65.0833, 698 asl, Schinini et al. 19532 (CTES). Tumbaya, Volcán, −23.9269 −65.4633, 2,095 asl, S211, Solís Neffa et al. 1469 (CTES). 2 km N from Volcán, −23.8988 −65.4622, 2,098 asl, S290, Solís Neffa et al. 1467 (CTES). 13 km S from Volcán, −23.9863 −65.4536, 1,615 asl, S291, Solís Neffa et al. 1472 (CTES). Chilcayre, −23.85 −65.4667, 2,250 asl, Kiesling 871 (LP) Dr. M. Belgrano, towards Tiraxi, −24.0491 −65.4222, 2,094 asl, S292, Solís Neffa et al. 1472 (CTES). Ledesma, Calilegua, −23.7727 −64.7758, 491 asl, S171, Solís Neffa et al. 717 (CTES). Route 34, 4 km S from Fraile Pintado, −23.9333 −64.7833, 414 asl, Schinini 19536 (CTES). Valle Grande, Huacanqui, −23.5500 −64.9666, 1,379 asl, S172, Solís Neffa et al. 722 (CTES). 17 km from Valle Grande, −23.5605 −64.9666, 1,379 asl, S173, Solís Neffa et al. Pueblo, −23.4667 −64.9833, 2,313 asl, Villa et al. 848 (LIL). Santa Bárbara, 6 km NW from El Fuerte, −24.2269 −64.3944, 1,140 asl, S174, Solís Neffa et al. 767 (CTES). 7 km NW from El Fuerte, −24.2889 −64.4850, 1,313 asl, S177, Solís Neffa et al. 790 (CTES). Route 23 towards Santa Clara, −24.2672 −64.4333, 1,391 asl, S175, Solís Neffa et al. 779 (CTES). −24.2888 −64.4580, 1,313 asl, S176. Solís Neffa et al. 779 (CTES). −24.2855 −64.4580, 1,313 asl, S178, Solís Neffa et al. 788 (CTES). 12 km NW from El Fuerte, 24.2980 −64.4847, 1,338 asl, S179, Solís Neffa et al. 820 (CTES). La Pampa: Parque Luro, between Santa Rosa and General Acha, −36.6167 −64.283, 175 asl, Burkart 20474 (SI). General Acha, −37.3833 −64.6000, 252 asl, Monticelli 46 (SI). Cuchillo-Co, −38.3333 −64.6167, 241 asl, Solbrig 171 (SI). La Rioja: San Martín, −31.5833 −66.2500, 450 asl, Stuckert 17038 (CORD). −29.4333 −66.85, 497 asl, S25, Aguirre 2697 (CTES). General Belgrano, between Chamical and Chañarazo, −30.3035 −66.3167, 452 asl, Biurrum 2926 (CTES). Independencia, road 79 km 219, −30.5354 −66.2802, 512 asl, Pensiero et al. 7423 (CTES). Rio Negro: Pichi Mahuida, Juan de Garay, −38.8667 −64.5667, 103 asl, M. Crovetto and Piccini 7033 (CTES). Route 22 km 890, −39.0167 −64.0833, 59 asl, Burkart 15852 (SI). Juan de Garay, −38.8667 −64.5667, 103 asl, Martinez Crovetto et al. 7033 (CTES). Salta: Anta, 20 km W from Joaquin V.Gonzalez, −25.0833 −64.1833, 378 asl, Schinini 19519 (CTES). Candelaria, Candelaria river, −26.1000 −65.1000, 979 asl, Cuezzo et al. 3462 (LIL). Capital, airport, −24.8388 −65.4777, 1,247 asl, S185, Solís Neffa et al. 837 (CTES). Arenales river, −24.8105 −65.4222, 1,195, asl S186, Solís Neffa et al. 836 (CTES). Bº El Milagro, −24.7200 −65.4091, 1,246 asl, S187, Solís Neffa et al. 839 (CTES). Towards San Lorenzo, El Tipal, −24.7525 −65.4705, 1,353 asl, S188, Solís Neffa et al. 845 (CTES). Road to Salta km 1578, −24.0800 −65.2166, 1140, S193, Solís Neffa et al. 903 (CTES). Road to Salta km 1554, −24.7450 −65.0361, 880 asl, S194, Solís Neffa et al. 904 (CTES). Coronel Moldes, La Hoyada, −25.8500 −65.1833, 1,115 asl, Burkart 13155 (SI). Chicoana, La Zanja, −25.1500 −65.7500, 2,332 asl, S189, Solís Neffa et al. 852 (CTES). 10 km N from Quebrada de Escoipe, −25.1000 −65.7667, 2,700 asl, Krapovickas et al. 36081 (CTES). Cachi, Cuesta del Obispo, route 33 km 46, −25.1833 −65.0800, 2,566 asl, S190, Solís Neffa et al. 892 (CTES). Route 33 km 42, −25.1833 −65.7833, 2,256 asl, S191, Solís Neffa et al. 895 (CTES). M.M. de Güemes, Cabeza de Buey, −24.7736 −65.0347, 757 asl, S195, Solís Neffa et al. 907 (CTES). Route 9 km 1551, −24.9091 −65.9841, 757 asl, S196, Solís Neffa et al. 907 (CTES). Metán, route 9 km 1490, −25.2463 −64.9196, 737 asl, S198, Solís Neffa et al. 911 (CTES). Route 5, 6 km W from Castellanos river, −25.0008 −64.5218, 644 asl, S199, Solís Neffa et al. 918 (CTES). Route 16 km 467, −25.3413 −64.4743, 523 asl, S200, Solís Neffa et al. 924 (CTES). 1 km E from de las Piedras river, −25.3000 −64.9000, 685 asl, Krapovickas and Cristobal 46613 (CTES). 20 km S from Metán, −25.4833 −64.9500, 802 asl, Krapovickas et al. 17407 (CTES). Rosario de la Frontera, −25.0000 −64.0000, 791 asl, S74, Solís Neffa et al. 356 (CTES). Horcones, −25.7167 −64.9000, 702 asl, Cabrera et al. 15943 (LP). Oran, Orán, −23.1333 −64.3333, 336 asl, Spegazzini s.n. (BAB, CTES). Rivadavia, route 81, 19 km E from Sola, −23.4786 −62.8794, 194 asl, S118, Solís Neffa 505 (CTES). 1 km SE from Sola, −23.4786 −62.8794, 242 asl, S169, Solís Neffa et al. 983 (CTES). Pluma de Pato, −23.3725 −63.0980, 237 asl, S311, Solís Neffa et al. 1986 (CTES). Estación Murillo, −23.4730 −63.8913, 222 asl, S312, Solís Neffa et al. 1988 (CTES). Los Blancos, −23.0833 −63.5980, 216 asl, S313, Solís Neffa et al. 1989 (CTES). Route 81, 21 km SE from Coronel Juan Sola (Murillo), −23.4667 −62.8833, 220 asl, Schinini 19573 (CTES). Gral. J. de San Martín, Dragones, −23.2494 −63.3463, 259 asl, S310, Solís Neffa et al. 1979 (CTES). Juramento, −25.1500 −64.9500, 811 asl, Krapovickas et al. 30444 (CTES). 4 km W from Antill, −26.1167 −64.600, 498, Krapovickas et al. 30479 (CTES). San Luis: Pedernera, 6 km S from Las Isletas, −33.7833 −65.3000, 444 asl, Anderson 1369 (CORD). Divisadero, −33.1667 −66.1500, 1,157 asl, Galander 3686 (CORD). Coronel Pringles, ca. Fraga, −33.5000 −65.8000, 665 asl, Hunziker 13137 (CORD). Villa Mercedes, −33.8500 −65.2667, 424 asl, Burkart 10917 (SI). Santa Fe: Between Hersilia and E. Rams, −30.0000 −61.8500, 89 asl, Krapovickas 759 (CTES). Logroño, −29.5000 −61.7000, 62 asl, Krapovickas 801 (CTES). Rafaela, −31.2667 −61.4833, 90 asl, Leon 973 (SI). Castellanos, Sunchales, −30.9333 −61.5667, 86 asl, Cristobal and Krapovickas 2491 (CTES). 9 de Julio, Tostado, Rio Salado, −29.2333 −61.7667, 64 asl, Job 1075 (LP). San Cristobal, Ceres, −29.8833 −61.9500, 84 asl, Kuntze s.n. (CORD). Dpt. Vera, Margarita, −29.6666 −60.2500, 73 asl, Krapovickas 38176 (CTES). Santiago del Estero: Capital, near Santiago del Estero, −27.7833 −64.2667, 181 asl, Argañaraz 3 (LP). Moreno, −28.0250 −62.0750, 149 asl, S69, Solís Neffa et al. 316 (CTES). Between Yuchan and Quimili, −27.8000 −62.9667, 158 asl, Pedersen 11858 (CTES). Guasayán, road 64, 12 km from Santa Catalina, −28.1333 −64.7863, 424 asl, S70, Solís Neffa et al. 332 (CTES). Jiménez, road 34 4 km N from Las Cejas. Krapovickas and Cristóbal 46606 (CTES). Between Fortín Inca and Bandera, −29.1167 −61.9500, 67 asl, Alonso et al. 576 (LP/SI). Rivadavia, 10 km W from La Isleta, −29.9667 −62.1333, 79 asl, Hunziker 10453 (CORD). Choya, route 157 between Frías and Tapso, −28.6500 −65.1500, 315 asl, Hunziker 25638 (CORD). Between Forres and Robles, −27.8833 −63.9667, 153, Bartlett 19730 (SI). Brig. Juan Felipe Ibarra, 51 km NE from Añatuya, towards Quimili, −28.4667 −62.8333, 107 asl, Krapovickas and Cristóbal 46183 (CTES). Rio Hondo, Termas de Rio Hondo, airport, −27.4833 −64.8667, 248 asl, Krapovickas et al. 17378 (CTES). Robles, Beltran, −27.8333 −64.0667, 157 asl, Maldonado 515 (LP). Silipica, Arraga, −28.0667 −64.2333, 160 asl, Renolfi 182 (CTES). Copo, Pampa de los Guanacos, −26.2333 −61.8500, 149 asl, Spegazzini 10565 (BAF). Tucumán: Burruyacú, −26.500, −64.7500, 497 asl, Stuckert 12581 (CORD). El Puestito, −26.400 −64.7833, 743 asl, Venturi 7501 (SI). Alto de Medina, −26.3667 −65.0500, 1,657 asl, Venturi 2688 (SI). Capital, El Cadillal, Parque de las Americas, −26.6833 −65.2667, 685 asl, Krapovickas et al. 27136 (CTES). Los Puestos, −27.2833 −65.000, 300 asl, Krapovickas et al. 27146 (CTES). Leales, La Florida, route 9, −27.2333 −65.5667, 359 asl, Krapovickas et al. 17361 (CTES). Trancas, route 9, 7 km S from Trancas, −26.2167 −65.2833, 782 asl, S28, Krapovickas and Cristóbal 46241 (CTES). Tapia, −26.6000 −65.3000, 711 asl, S72, Solís Neffa et al. 350 (CTES).Towards San Pedro de Colalao, −26.2333 −65.4833, 1,087 asl, S73, Solís Neffa et al. 352 (CTES).

BOLIVIA.Cochabamba: Carrasco, towards Cochabamba, −17.7422 −64.8614, 2,295 asl, S258, Solís Neffa et al. 1363 (CTES, LPB). Copachuncho, −17.7255 −65.0847, 2,580 asl, S259, Solís Neffa et al. 1366 (CTES, LPB). 4 km NW from Mizque, −17.7310 −65.5224, 2,153 asl. S260, Solís Neffa et al. 1377 (CTES, LPB). 5 km NW from Mizque, −17.1003 −65.3494, 2,124 asl, S261, Solís Neffa et al. 1378 (CTES, LPB). 4 km SW from Mizque, −17.9168 −65. 3386, 2,128 asl, S262, Solís Neffa et al. 1379 (CTES, LPB). 3 km SW from Mizque, −17.9255 −65.3427, 2,045 asl, S263, Solís Neffa et al. 1380 (CTES, LPB). 10 km SE from Mizque. −17.9986 −65.2908, 2,199 asl, S265, Solís Neffa et al. 1385 (CTES, LPB). 24 km SE from Mizque, −18.0741 −65.2688, 2232, S266, Solís Neffa et al. 1390 (CTES, LPB). 38 km S from Mizque, −18.1703 −65.2111, 2,364 asl, S267, Solís Neffa et al. 1396 (CTES, LPB). 48 km S from Mizque, −18.2236 −65.2019, 2,331 asl, S268, Solís Neffa et al. 1398 (CTES, LPB). 131 km S from Mizque, −18.3025 −65.2219, 2,147 asl, S269, Solís Neffa et al. 1403 (CTES, LPB). Chuquisaca: 85 km SE from Sucre, −19.0664 −64.8025, 2,540 asl, S270, Solís Neffa et al. 1405 (CTES, LPB). 87 km SE from Sucre. −19.0766 −64.8063, 2,638 asl, S271, Solís Neffa et al. 1406 (CTES, LPB). 95 km SE from Sucre. −19.0600 −64.7717, 2,391 asl, S272, Solís Neffa et al. 1407 (CTES, LPB). 101 km SE from Sucre. −19.0822 −64.7316, 2,399, S273, Solís Neffa et al. 1409 (CTES, LPB). 109 km SE from Sucre. −19.1191 −64.6866, 2,504 asl, S274, Solís Neffa et al. 1412 (CTES, LPB). 128 km SE from Sucre. −19.1644 −64.5650, 2,277 asl, S275, Solís Neffa et al. 1413 (CTES, LPB). 137 km SE from Sucre. −19.1486 −64.5158, 2,046 asl, S276, Solís Neffa et al. 1415 (CTES, LPB). 148 km SE from Sucre. −19.1958 −64.4605, 2,063 asl, S277, Solís Neffa et al. 1416 (CTES, LPB). 1 km NW from Alcala. −19.2958 −64.4058, 2,298 asl, S278, Solís Neffa et al. 1417 (CTES, LPB). 11 km SE from Padilla. −19.3630 −64.2508, 2,059 asl, S279, Solís Neffa et al. 1419 (CTES, LPB). 20 km SE from Padilla. −19.3916 −64.2350, 2,258 asl, S280, Solís Neffa et al. 1423 (CTES, LPB). 24 km SE from Padilla. −19.3797 −64.2150, 2,375 asl, S281, Solís Neffa et al. 1427 (CTES, LPB). Azero, 10 km SE from EE “El Salvador”, −20.6514 −63.1319, 704 asl, S294, Solís Neffa and Seijo 1484 (CTES, LPB). 11.5 km SE from EE “El Salvador”, −20.6819 −63.1105, 704 asl, S295, Solís Neffa and Seijo 1485 (CTES, LPB). 5.3 km SE from EE “El Salvador”. −20.6819 −63.1105, 704 asl, S296, Solís Neffa and Seijo 1486 (CTES, LPB). 64.6 km E from Boyuibe, −20.4447 −62.7433, 520 asl, S306, Solís Neffa et al. 1962. towards Carandaity, −21.5758 −63.2763, 850 asl, S251, Solís Neffa et al. 1033 (CTES, LPB). −20.6588 −63.1261, 705 asl, S253, Solís Neffa et al. 1042. −21.3958 −63.2136, 797 asl, S254, Solís Neffa et al. 1048 (CTES, LPB). 800 m from EE El Salvador, −21.7500 −63.216, 500 asl, S252, Solís Neffa et al. 1035 (CTES, LPB). Santa Cruz: Florida, 5 km W from Samaipata. −18.1619 −63.9144, 1,359 asl, S255, Solís Neffa et al. 1327 (CTES, LPB). Caballero, 2 km W from Comarapa, −18.0175 −64.338, 1,884 asl, S256, Solís Neffa et al. 1346 (CTES, LPB). 2 km W from Comarapa. Tarija: 50 km E from Tarija, −21.4381 −64.4719, 2,400 asl, S282, Solís Neffa et al. 1436 (CTES, LPB). O′Connor, between Tarija and Entre Ríos, −21.4633 −64.5013, 2,251 asl, S283, Solís Neffa et al. 1438 (CTES, LPB). −21.4472 −64.4838, 2,403 asl, S284, Solís Neffa et al. 1441 (CTES, LPB). −21.4497 −64.7544, 1,992 asl, S285, Solís Neffa et al. 1449 (CTES, LPB). 22 km SW from Tarija, −21.4641 −64.8244, 1,992 asl, S286, Solís Neffa et al. 1450 (CTES, LPB). 27 km SW from Tarija, −21.4497 −64.7544, 2,522 asl, S287, Solís Neffa et al. 1463 (CTES, LPB). Cercado, 7 km from San Jacinto lake, −21.6433 −64.7669, 1,920 asl, S289, Solís Neffa et al. 1466 (CTES, LPB). Gran Chaco, 9 km N from Caraparí, −21.7519 −63.7286, 591 asl, S293, Solís Neffa and Seijo 1481 (CTES, LPB). 6.3 km E from Caiza, −21.8188 −63.5330, 559 asl, S297, Solís Neffa et al. 1498 (CTES, LPB). 45.8 km E from Caiza, −21.8608 −63.1872, 561 asl, S298, Solís Neffa et al. 501 (CTES, LPB). 14.5 km E from Villa Montes, −21.2930 −63.3475, 364 asl, S300, Solís Neffa et al. 1504 (CTES, LPB). 18.4 km E from Villa Montes, −21.2930 −63.3102, 385 asl, S301, Solís Neffa et al. 1505 (CTES, LPB). 27 km E from Villa Montes, −21.2922 −63.3486, 374 asl, S250, Solís Neffa et al. 1025. 52.2 km E from Villa Montes, −21.4591 −63.1122, 337 asl, S302, Solís Neffa et al. 1508 (CTES, LPB). 95.9 km E from Villa Montes, −21.6036 −62.7508, 317 asl, S303. Solís Neffa et al. 1510 (CTES, LPB). 38 km E from Ibibobo, −21.6308 −62.6361, 303 asl, S304, Solís Neffa et al. 1511. Cordillera, 6,8 km W from Carandaity, −20.7628 −63.1319, 675 asl, S307, Solís Neffa et al. 1968. −20.7500 −63.0667, 616 asl, S309, Solís Neffa et al. 1968.

PARAGUAY.Boquerón: Filadelfia, −23.9667 −57.2833, 63 asl, Krapovickas and Cristóbal 44236 (CTES). Schinini et al. 21232 (CTES). Colonia Fernheim, −22.2500 −59.8333, 111 asl, August 117 (CTES). Campo Aroma. −22.1800 −60.0600, 100 asl, Mereles and Degen 4833 (CTES).

URUGUAY. Artigas: route 30 and Cuaró stream, −30.4369 −57.2947, 61 asl, S125, Solís Neffa et al. 980 (CTES). Canelones: route 8 km 56, −34.6703 −55.7169, 40 asl, S404, Solís Neffa and Seijo 2142 (CTES). Cerro de los Mosquitos, −34.6833 −55.6833, 21 asl, Montoro 1003 (MVFA). Santa Lucía, −34.4533 −56.3906, 34 asl, Marchesi 1290 (MVFA). Colonia: Balneario Fomento, −34.4355 −57.2533, 12 asl, S382, Solís Neffa and Seijo 2077 (CTES). Riachuelo, −34.4466 −57.7155, 4 asl, S384, Solís Neffa and Seijo 2085 (CTES). −34.1880 −57.8789, 30 asl, S414, Solís Neffa and Seijo 2113 (CTES). Road 21 and Miguelete stream, −34.1835 −57.9105, 50 asl, S391, Solís Neffa and Seijo2115 (CTES). Road to Conchillas, −34.1625 −58.0213, 51 asl, S392, Solís Neffa and Seijo 2116 (CTES). Conchillas, −34.1677 −58.0425, 27 asl, S393, Solís Neffa and Seijo 2117 (CTES). Nueva Palmira, −33.9380 −58.2205, 13 asl, S394, Solís Neffa and Seijo 2118 (CTES). Punta Gorda, E from Rincón de Darwin, −33.9159 −58.4136, 35 asl, S395, Solís Neffa and Seijo 2122 (CTES). Colonia Suiza, −34.3167 −57.2167, 25 asl, Berro 8425 (MVFA). Florida: route 7 km 114, Mansavillagra stream, −33.7308 −55.4533, 173, S148, Solís Neffa et al. 542 (CTES). Paysandú: route 3 and Quebrada Grande stream, −31.9710 −57.8509, 48 asl, S402, Solís Neffa and Seijo 2140 (CTES). Est. Experimental Fac. Agronomía, −32.3333 −58.0333, 61 asl, Marchesi 14208 (MVFA). Río Negro: route 24 km 44.5, −32.3132 −57.9553, 43 asl, S400, Solís Neffa and Seijo 2138 (CTES). Route 25 towards Young, −32.7608 −57.9553, 43 asl, S401, Solís Neffa and Seijo 2425, −33.7333 −57.8333, 76 asl, Marchesi 20654 (MVFA). Playa Ubisi, N from Fray Bentos, −33.1325 −58.2956, 15 asl, Del Puerto et al. 5678 (MVFA). Salto: Road to Constitución, −31.0686 −57.8386, 34 asl, S355, Solís Neffa and Seijo 2009 (CTES). Espinillar, −31.0741 −57.7577, 61 asl, del Puerto et al. 2155 (MVFA). San José: Rincón del Pino, −34.4833 −56.85, 31 asl, Izaguirre et al. 9572 (MVFA). San José, −34.3375 −56.7136, 45 asl, Lombardo 9430 (MVJB). Soriano: towards Villa Soriano, −33.5132 −58.1942, 14 asl, S397, Solís Neffa and Seijo 2134 (CTES). Vera, −33.1833 −57.4667, 69 asl, Berro 1937 (MVFA). Dacá, −33.2558 −58.0192, 62 asl, Berro 7767 (MVFA). Playa Agraciada, −33.8000 −58.2500, 51 asl, del Puerto et al. 8955 (MVFA).

Appendix 2

See Table 5.

Table 5 Bioclimatic variables analysed in the geographical area of each morphotype of Turnera sidoides subsp. pinnatifida
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Solís Neffa, V.G. Geographic patterns of morphological variation in Turnera sidoides subsp. pinnatifida (Turneraceae). Plant Syst Evol 284, 231–253 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-009-0249-6

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