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Antifouling strategies for electrochemical sensing in complex biological media

  • Review Article
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Abstract

Surface fouling poses a significant challenge that restricts the analytical performance of electrochemical sensors in both in vitro and in vivo applications. Biofouling resistance is paramount to guarantee the reliable operation of electrochemical sensors in complex biofluids (e.g., blood, serum, and urine). Seeking efficient strategies for surface fouling and establishing highly sensitive sensing platforms for applications in complex media have received increasing attention in the past. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of recent research efforts focused on antifouling electrochemical sensors. Initially, we present a detailed illustration of the concept about biofouling along with an exploration of four key antifouling mechanisms. Subsequently, we delve into the commonly employed antifouling strategies in the fabrication of electrochemical sensors. These encompass physical surface topography (micro/nanostructure coatings and filtration membranes) and chemical surface modifications (PEG and its derivatives, zwitterionic polymers, peptides, proteins, and various other antifouling materials). The progress in antifouling electrochemical sensors is proposed concerning the antifouling mechanisms as well as sensing capability assessments (e.g., sensitivity, stability, and practical application ability). Finally, we summarize the evolving trends in the field and highlight some key remaining limitations.

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Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Reproduced with permission from reference [53]. Copyright 2022 Wiley. (B) SEM images depicting electrodes undergoing a progressive series of roughening pulse cycles. (C) Quantification of glucose concentration through direct glucose oxidation employing planar, MSE, and R-MSE. (D) Quantifying glucose concentration through direct glucose oxidation utilizing R-MSEs in 1 × PBS buffer, 1 × PBS buffer/BSA 40 mg·mL−1 and 1 × PBS buffer/BSA 40 mg·mL−1/50 μM AA. Reproduced with permission from reference [54]. Copyright 2023 Wiley

Fig. 3

Reproduced with permission from reference [62]. Copyright 2023 Elsevier. (C) Schematic showing the antifouling PTA − PANI nanoporous membrane-coated CFE and the structure of the PTA − PANI nanoporous membrane. Reproduced with permission from reference [63]. Copyright 2019 American Chemical Society. (D) Illustration of antifouling SNM-coated CFME for continuous monitoring of O2 in rat brain. Reproduced with permission from reference [64]. Copyright 2019 American Chemical Society. (E) Illustration of antifouling property of membrane-coated CF electrodes in vivo monitoring of pH. Reproduced with permission from reference [65]. Copyright 2019 American Chemical Society

Fig. 4

Reproduced with permission from reference [80]. Copyright 2022 American Chemical Society. (B) Synthesis scheme and chemical structures of the PEGMA-based multifunctional polymers. Reproduced with permission from reference [81]. Copyright 2023 Elsevier. (C) Schematic illustration of the construction of the bifunctional SAM of PEG-thiol-modified electrodes for electrochemical sensing for NS1 and IgG in diluted serum. Reproduced with permission from reference [83]. Copyright 2018 Elsevier. (D) Schematic illustration of the preparation of PMS-M2+/AuNPs/PEG/CS and the label-free electrochemical biosensor for simultaneous detection of CgA and CgB. Reproduced with permission from reference [84]. Copyright 2021 Elsevier. (E) Illustration of the fabrication of Fe3O4@Au@PEG@CS NPs and low-fouling biosensor for the detection of mycoplasma ovipneumonia. Reproduced with permission from reference [85]. Copyright 2020 Elsevier

Fig. 5

Reproduced with permission from reference [93]. Copyright 2023 Elsevier. (B) Illustration of the mechanisms of monolayer degradation and multiday stability approaches for electrochemical aptamer sensors. Reproduced with permission from reference [98]. Copyright 2023 American Chemical Society. (C) Illustration of the PSN-based biosensor for CA125 sensing in undiluted human serum. Reproduced with permission from reference [99]. Copyright 2023 Elsevier. (D) Illustration of the fabrication process of the PDA-PSBMA-based sensing platform. Reproduced with permission from reference [100]. Copyright 2020 Elsevier. (E) Electrochemical sensing platform for sensitive recognition of neurotransmitters based on zwitterion/dopamine Copolymer. (F) (a) DPV curves in BSA in the presence of interferents; (b) bar chart representation of current density variations in the presence of interferents; (c) stability of the response in BSA; (d) long-term stability test in BSA. Reproduced with permission from reference [102]. Copyright 2022 American Chemical Society

Fig. 6

Reproduced with permission from reference [110]. Copyright 2020 American Chemical Society. (B) Illustration of five-functional peptide-based CTCs biosensor. Reproduced with permission from reference [111]. Copyright 2022 American Chemical Society. (C) The functional design of a phosphorylated zwitterionic oligopeptide and the assembling procedure of phosphorylated oligopeptide-based biosensor. Reproduced with permission from reference [38]. Copyright 2023 American Chemical Society. (D) Illustrative representation of the construction and sensing of the PHHP-microsensor. Reproduced with permission from reference [29]. Copyright 2023 American Chemical Society. (E) Illustration of the structure of inverted Y-shaped peptides. Reproduced with permission from reference [116]. Copyright 2021 American Chemical Society. (F) Schematic structure of the designed multifunctional isopeptide. Reproduced with permission from reference [115]. Copyright 2023 American Chemical Society

Fig. 7

Reproduced with permission from reference [124]. Copyright 2021 American Chemical Society. (B) The construction processes of the UA sensor based on antifouling PTB. Reproduced with permission from reference [33]. Copyright 2023 Elsevier. (C) A diagrammatic representation of the HER2 biosensor construction, utilizing antifouling PEG and peptide. Reproduced with permission from reference [131]. Copyright 2023 Elsevier. (D) The antifouling HER2 biosensor fabrication process. Reproduced with permission from reference [132]. Copyright 2024 American Chemical Society. (E) Stepwise fabrication of the platelet membrane-based electrochemical immunosensor for detection of CD44. Reproduced with permission from reference [133]. Copyright 2022 American Chemical Society. (F) Illustration of the construction of the LM-Masked CFEs. Reproduced with permission from reference [26]. Copyright 2020 American Chemical Society

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Acknowledgements

This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22174082, 22374085), the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province, China (ZR2022QB049), and the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of Shandong Province, China (SDCX-ZG-202203020).

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  1. Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China

    Zhen Song, Rui Han, Kunpeng Yu, Rong Li & Xiliang Luo

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  1. Zhen Song
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Song, Z., Han, R., Yu, K. et al. Antifouling strategies for electrochemical sensing in complex biological media. Microchim Acta 191, 138 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-024-06218-2

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