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Amperometric immunoassay for the carcinoembryonic antigen by using a peroxidase mimic consisting of palladium nanospheres functionalized with glutathione-capped gold nanoparticles on graphene oxide

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Abstract

A composite nanoenzyme was used in a sandwich-type electrochemical immunoassay for the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Hierarchically porous palladium nanospheres (Pd NPs) were functionalized with glutathione-capped gold nanoparticles (G-Au NPs) and then loaded onto graphene oxide (GO) to obtain a peroxidase mimicking nanoenzyme of type GO-supported G-Au/Pd. The composite can catalyze the oxidation of the substrate tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) by H2O2 to give blue-colored oxidized TMB within only 20 s. This strong peroxidase activity, good conductivity and high specific surface area of the material make it a useful label for secondary antibodies (Ab2) for the detection of CEA. The cotton-like electrodeposited gold nanoparticles with good electrical conductivity were used to immobilize primary antibody (Ab1). The amperometric immunoassay has a detection range that extends from 10 fg·mL−1 to 100 ng·mL−1 at a working potential of −0.4 V with addition of 5 mmol·L−1 H2O2 as electrochemically active substrate, and the detection limit is as low as 3.2 fg·mL−1 (S/N = 3).

Schematic of sandwich electrochemical immunosensor for the carcinoembryonic antigen. Electrodeposited gold used as substrate material, and Graphene oxide supported G-Au NPs functionalized porous Pd nanospheres (GO supported G-Au/Pd) as signal amplification platform, which catalyze the oxidation of tetramethylbenzidine (TMB).

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Acknowledgements

We greatly appreciate the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21405095; 21575079; 21671121) and the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation (ZR2018MB008, ZR2018MB012).

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Author notes

  1. Zhaoling Tan and Linlin Cao contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, People’s Republic of China

    Zhaoling Tan, Yuying Yang, Qin Yan, Qing Liu, Yueyun Li & Daopeng Zhang

  2. Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, 255036, People’s Republic of China

    Linlin Cao & Wen Zhang

  3. College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266510, People’s Republic of China

    Pingping Zhao

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  1. Zhaoling Tan
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  2. Linlin Cao
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  5. Qing Liu
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Correspondence to Qing Liu.

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All experiments were performed in compliance with relevant laws or guidelines of Shandong University of Technology and approved by the ethics committee at Shandong University of Technology, China. Moreover, informed consent was obtained from human participants of this study.

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Tan, Z., Cao, L., Yang, Y. et al. Amperometric immunoassay for the carcinoembryonic antigen by using a peroxidase mimic consisting of palladium nanospheres functionalized with glutathione-capped gold nanoparticles on graphene oxide. Microchim Acta 186, 693 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-019-3799-5

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