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Inducing Tensile Failure of Claystone Through Thermal Pressurization in a Novel Triaxial Device

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Abstract

Complex coupled thermo-hydromechanical (THM) loading paths are expected to occur in clay rocks which serve as host formations for geological radioactive waste repositories. Exothermic waste packages heat the rock, causing thermal strains and temperature induced pore pressure build-up. The drifts are designed in such a way as to limit these effects. One has to anticipate failure and fracturing of the material, should pore pressures exceed the tensile resistance of the rock. To characterise the behaviour of the Callovo-Oxfordian claystone (COx) under effective tension and to quantify the tensile failure criterion, a laboratory program is carried out in this work. THM loading paths which correspond to the expected in situ conditions are recreated in the laboratory. To this end, a special triaxial system was developed, which allows the independent control of radial and axial stresses, as well as of pore pressure and temperature of rock specimens. More importantly, the device allows one to maintain axial effective tension on a specimen. Saturated cylindrical claystone specimens were tested in undrained conditions under constrained lateral deformation and under nearly constant axial stress. The specimens were heated until the induced pore pressures created effective tensile stresses and ultimately fractured the material. The failure happened at average axial effective tensile stresses around 3.0 MPa. Fracturing under different lateral total stresses allows one to describe the failure with a Hoek–Brown or Fairhurst’s generalized Griffith criterion. Measured axial extension strains are analysed based on a transversely isotropic thermo-poroelastic constitutive model, which is able to satisfactorily reproduce the observed behaviour.

Highlights

  • Thermal pressurization of clay rock in deep radioactive waste repositories can reduce the effective stresses, which can lead to damage or failure.

  • Our novel laboratory triaxial device is able mimic in situ conditions: Constant vertical total stress, zero lateral deformation and thermal pressurization.

  • Pore pressure increase, vertical extension strains and thermal pressurization failure were recorded in a series of tests on Callovo-Oxfordian claystone specimens.

  • The effective tensile strength was reached at values around 3 MPa in tension and temperatures between 53 and 64 °C, creating sub-horizontal fractures.

  • The experimental responses can be well reproduced using a thermo-poroelasticity model.

  • Hoek–Brown and Fairhurst generalized Griffith criteria appear suitable to account for the rock's tensile resistance.

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Abbreviations

h :

Direction parallel to bedding

z :

Direction perpendicular to bedding

\(\sigma _{i}\) :

Total stress in direction i

\(\sigma '_{i}\) :

Terzaghi effective stress in direction i

\(\varepsilon _i\) :

Strain in direction i

\(\sigma _c\) :

Unconfined compressive strength

\(\sigma _t\) :

Tensile strength

\(E_i\) :

Young’s modulus in direction i

\(\nu _i\) :

Poisson’s ratio in direction i

\(m_i\) :

Hoek–Brown criterion parameter

\(\phi\) :

Porosity

\(\rho\) :

Wet density

\(\rho _d\) :

Dry density

w :

Water content

\(S_r\) :

Degree of saturation

s :

Suction

\(p_f\) :

Pore pressure

T :

Temperature

\(\sigma\) :

Isotropic confining pressure

\(\varepsilon _\mathrm{hyd}\) :

Volumetric hydration swelling

\(\gamma _t\) :

Fracture angle with respect to bedding

\(C_{ij}\) :

Elastic compliance matrix

\(b_i\) :

Biot’s coefficient in direction i

\(\alpha _{d,i}\) :

Drained thermal expansion coefficient in direction i

\(G'\) :

Shear modulus within the isotropic plane

G :

Shear modulus perpendicular to the isotropic plane

\(\alpha _{\phi }\) :

Bulk thermal expansion coefficient of the pore volume

M :

Biot’s modulus

\(K_f\) :

Bulk modulus of the pore fluid

\(K_{\phi }\) :

Bulk modulus of the pore volume

\(\varphi\) :

Friction angle

c :

Cohesion

\(V_L\) :

Volume of the drainage system

\(c_L\) :

Compressibility of the drainage system with respect to fluid pressure

\(p_L\) :

Fluid pressure within the drainage system

\(\kappa _L\) :

Compressibility of the drainage system with respect to radial confining pressure

\(\sigma _\mathrm{rad}\) :

Radial confining pressure

\(\alpha _L\) :

Bulk thermal expansion coefficient of the drainage system

\(M_s\) :

Fluid mass within the specimen

\(m_f\) :

Fluid mass per unit volume of the specimen

\(V_s\) :

Total specimen volume

\(M_L\) :

Fluid mass within the drainage system

\(\rho _L\) :

Fluid density within the drainage system

\(\rho _f\) :

Pore fluid density

\(c_f\) :

Pore fluid compressibility

\(\alpha _f\) :

Pore fluid bulk thermal expansion coefficient

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  1. Nathalie Conil

    Present address: INERIS, Ecole des Mines, Parc de Saurupt, 54042, Nancy, France

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratoire Navier, 6-8 avenue Blaise-Pascal, Cité Descartes 77455 Champs-sur-Marne, Paris, France

    Philipp Braun, Pierre Delage, Siavash Ghabezloo & Baptiste Chabot

  2. Andra, 1 Rue Jean Monnet, 92290, Châtenay-Malabry, France

    Philipp Braun & Minh-Ngoc Vu

  3. Andra, Centre de Meuse/Haute-Marne BP9, 55290, Bure, France

    Nathalie Conil

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Braun, P., Delage, P., Ghabezloo, S. et al. Inducing Tensile Failure of Claystone Through Thermal Pressurization in a Novel Triaxial Device. Rock Mech Rock Eng 55, 3881–3899 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-022-02838-3

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