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True Triaxial Experimental Study of Disturbed Compound Dynamic Disaster in Deep Underground Coal Mine

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Abstract

With the increase of coal extracting depth, a considerable number of dynamic disasters display the co-occurrence and coupling effect of rockburst and coal–gas outburst, which is defined as the disturbed compound dynamic disaster. In this study, two loading modes were adopted to investigate disaster characteristics using true triaxial apparatus. The stress states of one freed and the other five stressed faces were introduced to simulate actual stress conditions. Two high-speed cameras were used to capture the disaster process. The mechanical and strength properties, failure modes, and ejection kinetic energy were analyzed. Results showed that the compound dynamic disaster mainly exhibited local grain ejection, fragment spalling, large-scale grain ejection, plate bending, and ultimately failure. The strength of the sample first increased and then decreased slowly with the increase in the intermediate principal stress. After failure, a V-shaped coal-burst pit was formed, which was approximately parallel to the intermediate principal stress and perpendicular to the free face. The grain ejection exhibited obvious characteristics of spatial sorting, and the grain size decreased with the distance from the free face. The kinetic energy showed little change with increase in the intermediate principal stress in the displacement loading mode; whereas, it first increased and then decreased in the stress loading mode. The pressurized gas promotes the development of coal cracks and fully fractures the coal rock. Under the combined actions of the elastic energy stored in coal mass and the internal energy of pressurized gas, compound dynamic disasters may occur. Gas extraction and coal seam elastic softening techniques can effectively reduce and prevent the occurrence probability of compound dynamic disasters.

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Abbreviations

σx, σy, σz :

Principal stresses in directions of X, Y, and Z, respectively (MPa)

σ1, σ2, σ3 :

Major, intermediate, and minimax principal stresses, respectively (MPa)

\( \bar{\sigma }_{1} \), \( \bar{\sigma }_{2} \), \( \bar{\sigma }_{3} \) :

Effective principal stresses (MPa)

v1, v2 :

Loading rate of σ1 and σ2, respectively (MPa/s)

β :

Stress loading speed ratio of σ2 to σ1

ε1, ε2, ε3 :

Major, intermediate, and minimax principal strain, respectively

W i :

Ejection energy (J)

L i :

Distance of ejected grain from specimen face (cm)

m i :

Mass of ejected grain (g)

v i :

Speed of ejection grain (m/s)

H :

Height of grains dropping (m)

g:

Gravity acceleration (m/s2)

t i :

Movement time of ejected grains (s)

U :

Total energy (J)

U d :

Dissipation energy (J)

U e :

Releasable elastic strain energy (J)

α:

Effective gas stress coefficient

p :

Gas pressure (MPa)

\( \varepsilon_{i}^{\text{e}} \) :

Elastic principal strain

E c :

Elastic modulus (GPa)

υ c :

Poisson’s ratio

Q :

Energy required for coal rock particle cementation fracture (J)

W :

Kinetic energy of coal rock fragments (J)

λ :

Kinetic energy release ratio

k :

Kinetic energy release rate

p if :

Gas pressure in the crack (MPa)

p 2 :

Atmospheric pressure (MPa)

a :

Crack radius (m)

h :

Distance of the crack to the free face (m)

M 1 :

Coefficient affected by ratio a/h

K c :

Crack toughness of gas-containing coal (MN/m3/2)

η :

Effect coefficient of adjacent fractures

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Acknowledgements

This research was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant nos 51874053, 51434003, and 51804049), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Funded Project (Grant no 2017M612917), and the Chongqing Postdoctoral Research Project Special Funding (Grant no XM2017043). Thanks for the guidance of our doctoral supervisor professor Yin, who has died of illness in June 2019.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China

    Jun Lu, Guangzhi Yin, Heng Gao, Xing Li, Dongming Zhang, Bozhi Deng, Mingyang Wu & Minghui Li

  2. College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China

    Jun Lu, Guangzhi Yin, Heng Gao, Dongming Zhang, Bozhi Deng, Mingyang Wu & Minghui Li

  3. Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A4, Canada

    Jun Lu & Xing Li

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  1. Jun Lu
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  2. Guangzhi Yin
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  4. Xing Li
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Correspondence to Xing Li.

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Lu, J., Yin, G., Gao, H. et al. True Triaxial Experimental Study of Disturbed Compound Dynamic Disaster in Deep Underground Coal Mine. Rock Mech Rock Eng 53, 2347–2364 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-019-02041-x

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