Abstract
Obtaining reliable estimates of the mean in situ stress state is crucial for much rock mechanics and rock engineering analysis. However, due to the variability inherent to stress measurements, a common question is how many stress measurements are required to obtain mean stress estimates of acceptable reliability. This paper investigates the effect of the number of stress measurements used on the uncertainties in estimates of mean stress state. We use Monte Carlo simulation in conjunction with a recently developed multivariate statistical model to simulate stress data sets of different sizes, and then investigate the uncertainties in the mean stress state estimated from these simulated stresses. Three sets of actual stress measurements published in the literature are used to provide realistic values for stress population parameters. We show that the uncertainties depend not only on the number of stress measurements but also on the stress components being estimated and the overall variability of the stress field; hence, suggesting a fixed universal minimum number of stress measurements is inappropriate. The results also show that the number of stress measurements required for reliably estimating the complete stress state may be significantly greater than those required for any one or two individual components of the mean stress state, and are likely to exceed the number available in rock engineering practice. In addition, with the small numbers of measurements typically used in rock engineering, large uncertainties are likely to exist and these may yield misleading stress estimates. We end with suggestions for reducing these large uncertainties in stress estimations.
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Abbreviations
- \({\mathbf{S}}_{i}\) :
-
ith stress tensor, i = 1, 2, …, n
- \({\bar{\mathbf{S}}}\) :
-
Mean stress tensor
- \(\sigma_{x}\), \(\sigma_{y}\), \(\sigma_{z}\) :
-
Normal components of stress tensor referred to x–y–z Cartesian coordinate system
- \(\tau_{xy}\), \(\tau_{xz}\), \(\tau_{yz}\) :
-
Shear components of stress tensor referred to x–y–z Cartesian coordinate system
- \(\bar{\sigma }_{x}\), \(\bar{\sigma }_{y}\), \(\bar{\sigma }_{z}\) :
-
Mean of \(\sigma_{x}\), \(\sigma_{y}\), \(\sigma_{z}\), respectively
- \(\bar{\tau }_{xy}\), \(\bar{\tau }_{xz}\), \(\bar{\tau }_{yz}\) :
-
Mean of \(\tau_{xy}\), \(\tau_{xz}\), \(\tau_{yz}\), respectively
- \({\mathbf{s}}\) :
-
Stress vector comprising six distinct tensor components
- \({\varvec{\upmu}}\) :
-
Population mean vector
- \({\varvec{\Omega}}\) :
-
Population covariance matrix
- \({\varvec{\hat{\upmu}}}\) :
-
Maximum-likelihood estimator (MLE) of population mean vector
- \({\boldsymbol{\hat{\Omega }}}\) :
-
MLE of population covariance matrix
- \({\mathbf{s}}_{i}\) :
-
Vector of the ith measured stress tensor, i = 1, 2, …, n
- \({\bar{\mathbf{s}}}\) :
-
Mean of \({\mathbf{s}}_{i}\)
- \(\sigma_{1}\) :
-
Major principal stress
- \(\sigma_{2}\) :
-
Intermediate principal stress
- \(\sigma_{3}\) :
-
Minor principal stress
- \({\varvec{\Sigma}}\) :
-
Covariance matrix of stress data set \({\mathbf{s}}_{i}\)
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Feng, Y., Harrison, J.P. & Bozorgzadeh, N. Uncertainty in In Situ Stress Estimations: A Statistical Simulation to Study the Effect of Numbers of Stress Measurements. Rock Mech Rock Eng 52, 5071–5084 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-019-01891-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-019-01891-9