Abstract
Herbal extracts may be useful in the management of hepatic and renal diseases in humans. Thus, this study investigated the effects of Alchornea cordifolia (ACE) and Cassia spectabilis (CSE) leaf extracts on diclofenac-induced hepatorenal injuries in rats and compared their activities. Adult rats were selected into four groups consisting of 5 rats each. The rats in groups 1 and 2 received normal saline and 11.0 mg/kg diclofenac sodium (DF) by intramuscular route for 5 days respectively. The groups 3 and 4 rats were given 342 mg/kg ACE and CSE respectively by oral gavages for 6 days, after DF exposure as in group 2. About 24 h after treatment, blood was collected from rats; serum was separated and used for estimations of biochemical parameters. The liver and kidney of rats were removed and processed by histological techniques. There was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the levels of total bilirubin, ALT, AST, sodium ions, urea, and creatinine of rats exposed to DF when compared with normal control. However, treatment of DF-exposed rats with CSE significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the levels of ALT, AST, ALP, sodium ions, urea, and creatinine, while ACE significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the levels of ALT, AST, ALP, Na+, and total bilirubin when compared with the DF control. The photomicrographs from histological analyses corroborated our biochemical findings in this study. The current findings have shown that these two evaluated plant extracts may have ameliorative effects on DF-induced hepatorenal injuries in rats but CSE has greater activity than ACE.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The data for this study could be made available on reasonable request.
References
Abotsi WMK, Woode E, Ainooson GK, Amo-Barimah AK, Boakye-Gyasi E (2010) Antiarthritic and antioxidant effects of the leaf extract of Ficus exasperate P. Beauv. (Moraceae). Pharm Res 2(2):89–97
Adeyemi WJ, Olayaki LA (2018) Diclofenac-induced hepatotoxicity: low dose of omega-3 fatty acids have more protective effects. Toxicol Rep 5:90–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.12.002
Agishi EC (2010) Tiv, Idoma, Etulo, Igede, Akweya, Hausa, English and scientific names of plants (2nd). Agitab, Makurdi
Alqasoumi SI (2014) Evaluation of the hepatoprotective and nephroprotective activities of Scrophularia hypericifolia growing in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharm J 22:258–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2013.12.001
Bartels H, Bohmer M, Heierli C (1972) Serum creatinine determination without protein precipitation. Clin Chim Acta 37:193–197
Bechmann LP, Jochum C, Kocabayoglu P, Sowa JP, Kassalik M, Gieseler RK, Saner F, Paul A, Trautwein C, Gerken G, Canbay A (2010) Cytokeratin 18-based modification of the MELD score improves prediction of spontaneous survival after acute liver injury. J Hepatol 53(4):639–647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2010.04.029
Bort R, Ponsoda X, Jover R, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Castell JV (1999) Diclofenac toxicity to hepatocytes: a role for drug metabolism in cell toxicity. JPET 288(1):65–72
Burkill HM (1985) Useful plants of west tropical Africa, vol 1, 2nd edn. Families A - D. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Choji TPP, Ngokere AA, Ogenyi SI, Kumbish PR (2015) Histoarchitectural evaluation of conventional versus two rapid microwave processing techniques. Br Biotechnol J 8(3):1–19
Das K, Chakraborty PP, Ghosh D, Nandi KD (2010) Protective effect of aqueous extract of Terminalia arjuna against dehydrating induced oxidative stress and uremia in male rats. Iran J Pharm Res 9(2):153–161
Dhanvijay P, Misra AK, Varma SK (2013) Diclofenac induced acute renal failure in a decompensated elderly patient. J Pharmacol Pharmacother 4(2):155–157. https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-500X.110916
Doumas BT, Watson WA, Briggs HG (1971) Albumin standard and the measurement of serum albumin with bromocresol green. Clin Chim Acta 31(1):87–96
Ebi GC (2001) Antimicrobial activity of Alchornea cordifolia. Fitoterapia 72:69–72
Edeoga HO, Okwu DE, Mbaebie BO (2005) Phytochemical constituents of some Nigerian medicinal plants. Afr J Biotechnol 4(7):685–688
Fawcett JK, Scott JE (1960) A rapid and precise method for the determination of urea. J Clin Pathol 13:156–159
Gomaa S (2018) Adverse effects induced by diclofenac, ibuprofen, and paracetamol toxicity on immunological and biochemical parameters in Swiss albino mice. J Basic Appl Zool 79:5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-018-0025-7
Gornall AG, Bardawill CJ, David MM (1949) Determination of serum proteins by means of the biuret reaction. J Biol Chem 177:751–756
He J, Pan H, Liang W, Xiao D, Chen X, Guo M, He J (2017) Prognostic effect of albumin to globulin ratio in patients with solid tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cancer 8(19):4002–4010. https://doi.org/10.7150/jca.21141
Ihm C (2015) Hypertension in chronic glomerulonephritis. Electrolyte Blood Press 13(2):41–45. https://doi.org/10.5049/ebp.2015.13.2.41
Imafidon CE, Akomolafe RO, Eluwole OA, Adekunle IA, Agbaje RA (2019) Aqueous garlic extract improves renal clearance via vasodilatory/antioxidant mechanisms and mitigated proteinuria via stabilization of glomerular filtration barrier. Clin Phytosc 5:27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40816-019-0118-y
Imo C, Arowora KA, Ezeonu CS, Yakubu OE, Nwokwu CD, Azuibike NC, Sallah YG (2019) Effects of ethanolic extracts of leaf, seed and fruit of Datura metel L. on kidney function of male albino rats. J Tradit Complement Med 9:271–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.09.001
Iseghohi SO, Orhue NEJ (2017) Aqueous extract of Dennettia tripetala ameliorates liver and kidney damage caused by multiple exposures to carbon tetrachloride. Clin Phytosci 3:4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40816-017-0043-x
Javed S, Ahsan W, Kohli K (2018) Pharmacological influences of natural products as bioenhancers of silymarin against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Clin Phytosci 4:18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40816-018-0079-6
Jeyadevi R, Ananth DA, Sivasudha T (2019) Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of Ipomoea staphylina Linn. Clin Phytosci 5:18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40816-019-0112-4
Jothy SL, Aziz A, Chen Y, Sasidharan S (2012, 2012) Antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective potential of Polyalthia longifolia and Cassia spectabilis leaves against paracetamol-induced liver injury. Evidence-Based Compl Altern Med:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/561284
Kalegari M, Gemin CAB, Araújo-Silva G, Neves de Brito NJ, López JA, Tozetto S, Almeida M, Miguel MD, Stien D, Miguel OG (2014) Chemical composition, antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective potential of Rourea induta Planch. (Connaraceae) against CCl4-induced liver injury in female rats. Nutrition 30:713–718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2013.11.004
Kind PRN, King EJ (1954) Estimation of plasma phosphatase by determination of hydrolyzed phenol with amino-antipyrine. J Clin Pathol 7:322–326
Konda VR, Arunachalam R, Eerike M, Ramesh RK, Radhakrishnan AK, Raghuraman LP, Meti V, Devi S (2016) Nephroprotective effect of ethanolic extract of Azima tetracantha root in glycerol induced acute renal failure in Wistar rats. J Tradit Complement Med 6:347–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2015.05.001
Lu H, Cassis LA, Vander Kooi CW, Daugherty A (2016) Structure and functions of angiotensinogen. Hyperten Res 39:492–500
Ogbe RJ, Luka CD, Adoga GI (2019) Effect of aqueous ethanol extract of Dialium guineense leaf on diclofenac-induced oxidative stress and hepatorenal injuries in Wistar rats. Comp Clin Pathol 28:241–248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-018-2822-2
Ogbe RJ, Agbese SP, Abu AH (2020) Protective effect of aqueous extract of Lophira lanceolata leaf against cisplatin-induced hepatorenal injuries and dyslipidemia in Wistar rats. Clin Phytosc 6:4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40816-019-0149-4
Okeke IN, Ogundaini AO, Ogungbamila FO, Lamikanra A (1999) Antimicrobial spectrum of Alchornea cordifolia leaf extract. Phytother Res 13(1):67–69
Olaleye MT, Rocha JB (2008) Acetaminophen-induced liver damage in mice: effects of some medicinal plants on the oxidative defense system. Exp Toxicol Pathol 59:319–327
Olaleye MT, Adegboye OO, Akindahunsi AA (2006) Alchornea cordifolia extract protects Wistar albino rats against acetaminophen-induced liver damage. Afr J Biotechnol 5:2439–2445
Omotayo FO (1999) The Cassia spectabilis plant. Plants of south western Nigeria. University of Ibadan press, Ibadan
Osadebe PO, Okoye FBC (2003) Anti-inflammatory effects of crude methanolic extract and fractions of Alchornea cordifolia leaves. J Ethnopharmacol 89:19–24
Owumi SE, Dim UJ (2019) Biochemical alterations in diclofenac-treated rats: effect of selenium on oxidative stress, inflammation, and hematological changes. Toxicol Res Appl 3:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/2397847319874359
Ozbek E (2012) Induction of oxidative stress in kidney. Int J Nephrol 2012:1–9
Pham-Huy LA, He H, Pham-Huy C (2008) Free radicals, antioxidants in disease and health. Int J Biomed Sci 4(2):89–96
Rajakrishnan R, Lekshmi R, Benil PB, Thomas J, AlFarhan AH, Rakesh V, Khalaf S (2017) Phytochemical evaluation of roots of Plumbago zeylania L. and assessment of its potential as a nephroprotective agent. Saudi J Biol Sci 24:760–766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.01.001
Reitman S, Frankel S (1957) A colorimetric method for the determination of glutamic oxaloacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases. Am J Clin Pathol 28:56–63
Sangetha S, Zuraini Z, Sasidharan S, Suryani S (2008) Fungicidal effect and oral acute toxicity of Cassia spectabilis leaf extract. Jap J Med Mycol 49:299–304
Wang H, Xu H, Qu L, Wang X, Wu R, Gao X, Jin Q, Niu J (2016) Red blood cell distribution width and globulin, noninvasive indicators of fibrosis and inflammation in chronic hepatitis patients. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 28(9):997–1002
Zangeneh MM, Zangeneh A, Tahvilian R, Moradi R (2018) Evaluation of the nephroprotective effect of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. aqueous extract on CCl4-induced nephrotoxicity in mice. Com Clin Pathol 27:1119–1126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-018-2707-4
Funding
This work was supported by a grant from the Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFUND), through the Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi, Nigeria.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
RJO, CDL, and GIA contributed to the conceptualization of the research and experimental design. RJO and SA conducted the experiments and generated the data. RJO carried out the statistical analyses and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All the authors reviewed the manuscript and approved the final draft.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
The protocols adopted in this study were approved by the Animal Welfare and Ethics Committee of the College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria. The approval was given with a certificate reference no. FUAM/CVM/002.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ogbe, R.J., Agu, S., Luka, C.D. et al. Comparative study on the effects of Alchornea cordifolia and Cassia spectabilis leaf extracts on diclofenac-induced liver and kidney injuries in rats. Comp Clin Pathol 29, 927–935 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-020-03147-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-020-03147-3