Abstract
Modern breeding programs have reduced genetic variability and might have caused a reduction in plant colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM). In our previous studies, mycorrhizal colonization was affected in improved soybean genotypes, mainly arbuscule formation. Despite substantial knowledge of the symbiosis-related changes of the transcriptome and proteome, only sparse clues regarding metabolite alterations are available. Here, we evaluated metabolite changes between improved (I-1) and unimproved (UI-4) soybean genotypes and also compare their metabolic responses after AM root colonization. Soybean genotypes inoculated or not with AM were grown in a chamber under controlled light and temperature conditions. At 20 days after inoculation, we evaluated soluble metabolites of each genotype and treatment measured by GC-MS. In this analysis, when comparing non-AM roots between genotypes, I-1 had a lower amount of 31 and higher amount of only 4 metabolites than the UI-4 genotype. When comparing AM roots, I-1 had a lower amount of 36 and higher amount of 4 metabolites than UI-4 (different to those found altered in non-AM treated plants). Lastly, comparing the AM vs non-AM treatments, I-1 had increased levels of three and reduced levels of 24 metabolites, while UI-4 only had levels of 12 metabolites reduced by the effect of mycorrhizas. We found the major changes in sugars, polyols, amino acids, and carboxylic acids. In a targeted analysis, we found lower levels of isoflavonoids and alpha-tocopherol and higher levels of malondialdehyde in the I-1 genotype that can affect soybean-AM symbiosis. Our studies have the potential to support improving soybean with a greater capacity to be colonized and responsive to AM interaction.
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Acknowledgments
We are very grateful to Dr. Javier Gilli for providing the soybean seeds.
Contributions
MSS performed the research, analyzed the data, and wrote the paper; MI performed the research, analyzed the data, and wrote the paper; MIM analyzed the data and wrote the paper; MFM performed the research; SS wrote the paper; FC wrote the paper; CL conceived and designed the study, analyzed the data, and wrote the paper.
Funding
This work was funded by the National Promotion Agency for Science and Technology (ANPCyT) through the Fund for Scientific Research and Technology (FONCyT): Projects of Scientific and Technological Research (PICT) 2012-0339 and by the National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA) through Projects N°1133032 and N°1127033. The National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET) awarded scholarships to M. S. Salloum and M. F Menduni; and Scientific Research and Technology (FONCyT) awarded a scholarship to M. F. Menduni.
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Fig. S1
Hierarchical Cluster analysis of primary metabolites measured by GC-MS (as shown in Fig. 1A) (PNG 48 kb)
Fig. S2
Mapping for relative metabolic concentration on known pathways for non-mycorrhizal (non-AM) and mycorrhizal (AM) roots of improved-1 (I-1) and unimproved-4 (UI-4) soybean genotypes. Significant changes in all the contrasts are highlighted according to the reference box at the right top: Red font indicates a higher level in non-AM I-1 than in UI-4; green font indicates a higher level in non-AM UI-4 than in I-1; red square indicates a higher level in AM I-1 than in UI-4; green frame indicates a higher level in AM UI-4 than in I-1; red arrow indicates a higher level in AM than non-AM I-1 genotype; green arrow indicates a higher level in non-AM than AM I-1 genotype; and orange arrow indicates a higher level in non-AM than AM in UI-4 genotype. Modified from the Kegg database, Madala et al. (2014), Khakimov et al. (2017), and Wang et al. (2017). (PNG 748 kb)
Table S1
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus colonization of roots of improved (I-1) and unimproved (UI-4) soybean genotype after 20 days of foliar age. (PDF 11 kb)
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Salloum, M.S., Insani, M., Monteoliva, M.I. et al. Metabolic responses to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are shifted in roots of contrasting soybean genotypes. Mycorrhiza 29, 459–473 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-019-00909-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-019-00909-y