Abstract
A modular approach to realize the ultra-fast quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) generic binary to gray converter is presented in this paper. The novel designs here validated fully exploit the intrinsic repetitive capabilities of the Layered T Exclusive OR (LTEx) module in the QCA domain. An efficient logic formulation of QCA design metrics like O-Cost and delay is proposed for the n-bit QCA binary to gray converter designs. The QCA implementation of n-bit LTEx binary to gray converter is compared with the conventional converters. An attempt has been made to enhance the speed of modular binary to gray converter designs. The proposed 4, 8, 16, 32, 64-bit binary to gray converters need 4.35, 15.88, 15.96, 15.7, 16.68% less O-cost and 11.57, 2.61, 9.32, 12.64, 29.25% less effective area, respectively. Thus the proposed layouts offer the smaller feature size, reduced circuit complexity exploiting the modular based design approach. The simulation results have been carried out in the renowned computer aided design tool, namely QCADesigner 2.0.3 with gallium arsenide heterostructure based parameter environment.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abedi D, Jaberipur G (2015) Coplanar QCA serial adder and multiplier via clock-zone based crossover. 18th CSI International Symposium on Computer Architecture and Digital Systems (CADS). https://doi.org/10.1109/cads.2015.7377791
Abedi D, Jaberipur G (2018) Decimal full adders specially designed for quantum-dot cellular automata. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst II Express Briefs 65(1):106–110. https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2017.2703942
Ahmad F, Md. Bhat G, Ahmad PZ, Khan HA, Farooq R (2015) Design of N-Bit code converter using quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA). Adv Sci Eng Med 7:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1166/asem.2015.1677
Ahmed F, Bhat GM (2014) Novel code converters based on quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA). Int J Sci Res 3:364–371 Paper ID: 020131715
Beigh MR, Mustafa M (2014) Design and simulation of efficient code converter circuits for quantum-dot cellular automata. J Comput Theor Nanosci 11:2564–2569. https://doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2014.3673
Berzon D, Fountain TJ (1999) A memory design in QCAs using the SQUARES formalism, Proceedings of ninth great lakes symposium on VLSI. Ypsilanti, MI, pp 166–169. https://doi.org/10.1109/GLSV.1999.757402
Chudasama A, Sasamal TN (2016) Implementation of 4 × 4 vedic multiplier using carry save adder in quantum-dot cellular automata. Int Conf Commun and Signal Process (ICCSP). https://doi.org/10.1109/iccsp.2016.7754355
Dilabio GA, Wolkow RA, Pitters JL, Piva G (2015) Atomistic quantum dots. USA Patent: US 2015/006071 A1. https://patents.google.com/patent/US20150060771/en. Accessed 19 July 2018
Fazzion E, Fonseca OLHM, Augusto J, Nacif M, Neto OPV, Fernandes AO, Silva DS (2014). A quantum-dot cellular automata processor design. 27th Symposium on Integrated Circuits and Systems Design (SBCCI). pp. 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1145/2660540.2660997
Heikalabad SR, Navin AH, Hosseinzadeh M (2016) Content addressable memory cell in quantum-dot cellular automata. Microelectr Eng 163:140–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mee.2016.06.009
Imre A, Csaba G, Ji L, Orlov A, Bernstein GH, Porod W (2006) Majority logic gate for magnetic quantum-dot cellular automata. Science 311:205–208. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1120506
Iqbal J, Khanday FA, Shah NA (2013) Efficient quantum dot cellular automata (QCA) implementation of code converters. Commun Inf Sci Manag Eng 3:504–515
Islam S, Abdullah-al Shafi M, Bahar AN (2015) Implementation of binary to gray code converters in quantum dot cellular automata. J Today Ideas Tomorrow Technol 3:145–160. https://doi.org/10.15415/jotitt.2015.32010
Karkaj ET, Heikalabad SR (2016) Binary to gray and gray to binary converter in quantum-dot cellular automata. Opt Int J Light Electron Optic. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2016.11.087
Lent C (2000) Molecular electronics-bypassing the transistor paradigm. Science 288:1597–1599. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.288.5471.1597
Lent C, Tougaw P, Porod W, Bernstein G (1993) Quantum cellular automata. Nanotechnology 4:49–57. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/4/1/004
Lent C, Tougaw P (1997) A device architecture for computing with quantum dots. Proc IEEE 85:541–557 PII: S 0018-9219(97)02731-X
Lin S, Costello Jr DJ (2011) Error control coding. Pearson Education India, New Delhi. ISBN-13:978–8131734407
Liu W, Lu L, O’Neill M, Swartzlander EE Jr (2011) Design rules for quantum-dot cellular automata. IEEE Int Symp Circuits Syst (ISCAS). https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas.2011.5938077
Mehta H, Owens RM, Irwin MJ (1996) Some issues in gray code addressing. In: Proceedings of the sixth great lakes symposium on VLSI, Ames, IA, pp 178–181. https://doi.org/10.1109/GLSV.1996.497616
Momenzadeh M, Huang J, Tahoori MB, Lombardi F (2005) Characterization, test and logic synthesis of and-or-inverter (AOI) gate design for QCA implementation. IEEE Trans Comput Aided Des Integr Circuits Syst 24(12):1881–1893. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCAD.2005.852667
Moris Mano M (2007) Computer system architecture. Pearson Education India, New Delhi. ISBN-13:978–8131700709
Mukherjee C, Sukla SS, Basu SS, Chakraborty R, De D (2015a) Layered T full adder using quantum-dot cellular automata. IEEE Int Conf Electron Comput Commun Technol. https://doi.org/10.1109/conecct.2015.7383867
Mukherjee C, Sukla AS, Basu SS, Chakrabarty R, Khan A, De D (2015b) Layered T full adder using quantum-dot cellular automata. IEEE Int Conf Electron Comput Commun Technologies (CONECCT-2015). https://doi.org/10.1109/conecct.2015.7383867
Mukherjee C, Panda S, Mukhopadhyay AK, Maji B (2017) Synthesis of standard functions and generic Ex-OR module using layered T gate. Int J High Perfor Sys Arch 7(2):70–86
Niemier MT, Kogge PM (2004) Origins and motivations for design rules in QCA nano, quantum and molecular computing. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands, pp 267–293
Perri S, Corsonello P, Cocorullo G (2014) Design of efficient binary comparators in quantum-dot cellular automata. IEEE Trans Nanotechnol 13(2):192–202. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNANO.2013.2295711
QCADesigner (2018) Available: www.atips.ca/projects/qcadesigner. Accessed 15 July 2017
Ramesh B, Asharani M, Srujana V, Chaithanya P, Rajaiah U (2016) Area efficient BCD adder in Quantum dot Cellular Automata. 2nd Int Conf Contemp Comput Inf (IC3I). https://doi.org/10.1109/ic3i.2016.7917955
Rao NG, Srikanth PC, Sharan P (2015) A novel quantum dot cellular automata for 4-bit code converters. Opt Int J Light Electron Optic. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2015.12.119
Roy SS, Mukherjee C, Panda S, Mukhopadhyay AK, Maji B (2017) Layered T comparator design using quantum-dot cellular automata. In: Presented in 2nd international conference on Devices for Integrated Circuit (DevIC), Kalyani, pp 90–94. https://doi.org/10.1109/DEVIC.2017.8073913
Sasamal TN, Singh AK, Ghanekar U (2016) Design of non-restoring binary array divider in majority logic-based QCA. Electron Lett 52(24):2001–2003. https://doi.org/10.1049/el.2016.3188
Sen B, Sengupta A, Dalui M, Sikdar BK (2010) Design of testable universal logic gate targeting minimum wire-crossings in QCA logic circuit. 2010 13th Euromicro Conference on Digital System Design: Architectures, Methods and Tools, Lille, pp 613–620. https://doi.org/10.1109/dsd.2010.114
Smith CG (1999) Computation without Current. Science 284:274. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5412.274
Thakur G, Gumpe A, Sarvagya M, Sharan P (2016) An area efficient multiplexer for crossbar arbiter design using quantum dot cellular automata. IEEE Int Conf Recent Trends Electr Inf Commun Technol (RTEICT). https://doi.org/10.1109/rteict.2016.7807970
Toth G, Lent CS (1999) Quasi-adiabatic switching for metal-island quantum-dot cellular automata. J Appl Phys 85:2977–2984. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.369063
Waje MG, Dakhole PK (2014) Design and simulation of new XOR gate and code converters using quantum dot cellular automata with reduced number of wire crossings. IEEE Int Conf Circuit Power Comput Technol. https://doi.org/10.1109/iccpct.2014.7054942
Waje MG, Dakhole PK (2016) Analysis of various approaches used for the implementation of QCA based full adder circuit. Int Conf Electr Electron Optim Tech (ICEEOT). https://doi.org/10.1109/iceeot.2016.7755129
Liu W, Lu L, O’Neill M, Swartzlander EE (2010) Montgomery modular multiplier design in quantum-dot cellular automata using cut-set retiming. 10th IEEE Int Conf Nanotechnol. https://doi.org/10.1109/nano.2010.5697740
Zhang R, Walus K, Wang W, Jullien GA (2004) A method of majority logic reduction for quantum cellular automata. IEEE Trans Nanotechnol 3(4):443–450. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNANO.2004.834177
Acknowledgement
The authors are highly thankful to Prof. Arindam Chakraborty for insightful views in relevant topics and express special thanks to Prof. Debdatta Banerjee for her literary contributions that help authors in organizing the article.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mukherjee, C., Panda, S., Mukhopadhyay, A.K. et al. Towards modular binary to gray converter design using LTEx module of quantum-dot cellular automata. Microsyst Technol 25, 2011–2018 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00542-018-4066-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00542-018-4066-0