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Fractal analysis and geochemical characterization of mafic magmatic enclaves in the Kathalguri Pluton, Mikir Massif (Northeast India): implications for Pan-African bimodal magmatism

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Abstract

The ~ 515 Ma Kathalguri Pluton of Mikir Massif, Northeast India, presents the first evidence of Pan-African bimodal magmatism from the easternmost part of the Indian shield. It is characterized by a number of outcrop-scale features like mafic flows and mafic magmatic enclaves (MME) within granitic host rocks, which suggests that mafic magma intruded into the felsic magma chamber during its evolution. Hybrid intermediate rocks are also encountered in the granitoid body indicating proper mixing between the mafic and felsic magmas. The mafic flows and MME are observed at the lower portion of the pluton, while the hybrid intermediate rocks are distributed in the upper part. Such field observations suggest that the felsic magma chamber was vertically zoned when mafic magma intruded into it. Textural features associated with magma mixing like resorbed crystals, boxy-cellular morphology, and oscillatory zoning in plagioclase, including orthoclase–microcline transformation are preserved in the hybrid rocks. Geochemical signatures confirm that magma mixing has played an important role in the evolution of the Kathalguri Pluton. Our results also suggest that differential mobility of elements was responsible for variable rates of homogenization in the magma mixed system. From fractal analysis, it has been inferred that MME from the Kathalguri Pluton underwent different degrees of interaction with the felsic magma. From lighter to darker MME (based on color index), the complexity of the interface morphologies increases with increasing Dbox (fractal dimension) and log VR (viscosity ratio) values, which indicates decreasing rate of homogenization between the mafic and felsic end-members. Moreover, viscosity calculations also suggest that the more viscous smaller MME are more evolved than the relatively less viscous larger MME. The mafic rocks preserved in the host pluton show higher LILE/HFSE and LREE/HREE ratios, and dominantly plot in the field of ‘within-plate basalts’ in various tectonic discrimination diagrams. From the results presented in this work, we infer that the Kathalguri Pluton developed in a post-collisional, within plate extension setting through melting of mid- to lower-crustal rocks by mantle-derived mafic magmas. The mafic magmas during the Pan-African episode were generated in a continental rift setting, which was probably activated by asthenospheric upwelling.

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Acknowledgements

Constructive reviews by an anonymous reviewer and Jean Francois Moyen have significantly helped to improve the quality of the manuscript. We also thank Ulrich Riller and Jean Francois Moyen for the editorial handling of the manuscript. Bibhuti Gogoi acknowledges the DST-SERB grant vide Project No. CRG/2020/002635 for funding this work. Gaurav Hazarika acknowledges the CSIR-JRF Fellowship No. 09/1236(0005)/2019-EMR-I. The authors are indebted to EPMA Laboratory, CHQ, GSI, Kolkata, for their dedicated effort to provide us with high-quality mineral chemical data. The optical photomicrographs were obtained using the microscope-imaging facility established through DST-FIST funding (SR/FST/ESI-152/2016) in the Department of Geological Sciences, Gauhati University.

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Supplementary Information

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531_2022_2259_MOESM1_ESM.jpg

Supplementary file1 Supplementary Fig. 1 Harker variation diagrams for larger MME, smaller MME, hybrids, and granitic rocks of the Kathalguri Pluton displaying variation in major oxides and trace elements. (JPG 426 KB)

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Supplementary file2 Supplementary Fig. 2 Log (r) versus Log (N) graph for 47 different MME from the Kathalguri Pluton. (PDF 3514 KB)

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Supplementary file3 Supplementary Fig. 3 Characterization of pyroxene from the larger MME of Kathalguri Pluton. (JPG 437 KB)

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Supplementary file4 Supplementary Fig. 4 (a) Rhodes diagram (b) predicted versus measured DiHd component diagram illustrating near-equilibrium conditions between clinopyroxene and the whole-rock composition of the larger MME. (JPG 141 KB)

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Supplementary file5 Supplementary Fig. 5 Characterization of amphiboles from the homogeneous hybrid rock of Kathalguri Pluton (after Leake et al. 1997). (JPG 384 KB)

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Supplementary file6 Supplementary Fig. 6 Characterization of plagioclase feldspar in association with amphiboles from the homogeneous hybrid rock of Kathalguri Pluton. (JPG 259 KB)

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Supplementary file7 Supplementary Fig. 7 (a–d) Viscosity versus Dbox values of smaller MME (MH2 and MH10) samples at different temperatures considering 1 wt% of H2O content. (JPG 277 KB)

Supplementary file8 (XLSX 30 KB)

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Hazarika, G., Gogoi, B. Fractal analysis and geochemical characterization of mafic magmatic enclaves in the Kathalguri Pluton, Mikir Massif (Northeast India): implications for Pan-African bimodal magmatism. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 112, 685–705 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-022-02259-1

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