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The youngest matrix of 234 Ma of the Kanguer accretionary mélange containing blocks of N-MORB basalts: constraints on the northward subduction of the Paleo-Asian Kanguer Ocean in the Eastern Tianshan of the Southern Altaids

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Abstract

The Altaids accreted around, and grew southward, from the Siberian craton, but the time of final amalgamation of this orogen is still controversial. The Eastern Tianshan in the southernmost Altaids is characterized by multiple, late, accreted arcs and thus is an ideal tectonic environment to answer the time of final amalgamation of the Altaids. In this study we report the results of new field-based lithological mapping and structural analysis on the Kanguer mélange in the Eastern Tianshan, which is composed of blocks of basalt, chert, limestone, and other rocks within a strongly deformed and cleaved matrix of sandstone and schist. Our geochemical and isotopic data of basaltic blocks from several parts of the Kanguer mélange show they are relics of Normal-Mid-Ocean-Ridge (N-MORB)-type oceanic lithosphere, and U–Pb ages and Hf isotopes of detrital zircons from the matrix sandstones indicate they were derived only from the Dananhu arc to the north. Accordingly, our interpretation is that the Kanguer mélange was part of an accretionary complex that fringed the Dananhu arc, and therefore the subduction polarity of the Kanguer Ocean was to the north (present coordinates). The maximum depositional ages (MDAs) of our three sandstone samples (08K01, 08K02, and 08K03) from the mélange matrix were 234 ± 14 Ma, 242.5 ± 1.3 Ma, and 236 ± 2.0 Ma respectively, indicating that the Kanguer Ocean was still being subducted at ca. 234 Ma, and the accretion of the Kanguer mélange must have lasted until that time, when the accretionary complex was still located opposite to the Yamansu-CTS accretionary complex to the south. Thus, the final amalgamation of the Dananhu and Yanmansu-CTS arcs took place by the welding of two accretionary complexes in the late Middle Triassic (Ladinian) in this part of the southern Altaids. Integration with relevant amalgamation histories throughout the Tianshan indicates that the time of terminal amalgamation in the southern Altaids was probably in the Middle-Late Triassic, which is much younger than previously envisaged.

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Acknowledgments

We appreciate Prof. Albrecht von Quadt and two anonymous reviewers for their constructive and valuable comments, which substantially enhanced the final presentation of the paper. This study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41822204, 41888101, 91855207), the National Key R & D Program of China (2017YFC0601206), the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences of CAS (QYZDJ-SSW-SYS012), the Strategic Priority Research Program (B) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) (XDB18020203), and CAS Project of the China-Pakistan Joint Research Center on Earth Sciences (131551KYSB20200021). This is a contribution to IGCP 662.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China

    Songjian Ao, Dongfang Song, Zhiyong Zhang, Ji’en Zhang, Bo Wan, Chunming Han & Wenjiao Xiao

  2. Innovation Academy for Earth Science, CAS, Beijing, China

    Songjian Ao, Dongfang Song, Zhiyong Zhang, Ji’en Zhang, Bo Wan, Chunming Han & Wenjiao Xiao

  3. College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

    Songjian Ao, Dongfang Song, Zhiyong Zhang, Ji’en Zhang, Bo Wan, Chunming Han & Wenjiao Xiao

  4. Xinjiang Research Center for Mineral Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

    Qigui Mao & Wenjiao Xiao

  5. Beijing Institute of Geology for Mineral Resources, Beijing, 100012, China

    Qigui Mao

  6. Department of Geology, The University of Leicester, Leicester, LEI 7RH, UK

    Brian F. Windley

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Correspondence to Songjian Ao, Qigui Mao or Wenjiao Xiao.

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Appendix analytical methods

Appendix analytical methods

Zircon U–Pb analyses were performed at the Beijing Quick-Thermo Science & Technology Co., Ltd, using an ESI New Wave NWR 193UC (TwoVol2) laser ablation system connected to an Agilent 8900 ICP–QQQ, following analytical procedures described in (Ji et al. 2020). In situ zircon Lu–Hf isotopic were analyzed with a Neptune Multi-Collector ICP-MS equipped with a Geolas-193 laser-ablation system. Lu–Hf isotopic data were obtained from the same dated zircon grains (Wu et al. 2006).

The whole-rock trace elements were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry on an Agilent 7500a in the Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IGGCAS) in Beijing. The detailed procedure followed that of Yang et al. (2012).

About 100 mg of whole-rock powder was decomposed in a mixture of HF–HClO4 in Teflon beakers to which appropriate amounts of mixed 87Rb–86Sr and 149Sm–150Nd were added. The isotopic ratios were measured on a MAT262 IsoProbe-T thermal ionization mass spectrometer in the IGGCAS. The detailed analytical procedures for the chemical separation and isotopic measurements were described by Chu (2009).

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Ao, S., Mao, Q., Windley, B.F. et al. The youngest matrix of 234 Ma of the Kanguer accretionary mélange containing blocks of N-MORB basalts: constraints on the northward subduction of the Paleo-Asian Kanguer Ocean in the Eastern Tianshan of the Southern Altaids. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 110, 791–808 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-021-01990-5

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