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How to stir a revolution as a reluctant rebel: Rudolf Trümpy in the Alps

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Abstract

Rudolf Trümpy (1921–2009) was one of the great Alpine geologists of the twentieth century and an influential figure in the international geological community. He played a dominant role in the change of opinion concerning the Alpine evolution by showing that normal faulting dominated the early development of the Alpine realm from the Triassic to the early Cretaceous. This provided a convenient model for later plate-tectonic interpretations of collisional mountain belts. His further recognition of strike-slip faulting during all stages of the Alpine evolution presaged the realisation that the Alps were not built by a simple open-and-shut mechanism. Trümpy was educated during an intellectual lull, a time when simplistic models of the earth behaviour inherited from the middle of the nineteenth century became prevalent under the influence of a close-minded, positivist approach to geological problems. This period, which we term the Dark Intermezzo, lasted from about 1925 to 1965. The grand syntheses of Suess and Argand which preceded this period were viewed from this narrow angle and consequently misunderstood. It was thought that earth history was punctuated by global orogenic events of short duration taking place within and among continents and oceans whose relative positions had remained fixed since the origin of the planet. These views, summarised under the term ‘fixism’, were developed when the ocean floors were almost totally unknown. When data began coming in from the post World War II oceanographic surveys, the world geological community was slow to receive and digest them. Trümpy followed these developments closely, realising that his work was important in placing the geology of the mountain belts within the emerging, new theoretical framework. He adopted the position of a critic and emphasised where detailed knowledge of the Alps, unquestionably the best known mountain belt in the world, supported and where it contradicted the new ideas. His voice was listened to carefully and subsequent developments have shown his critique to have been prescient. It is regrettable that he did not publish some of the theoretical criticisms he communicated to his colleagues during scientific meetings and informal conversations. His hesitance in becoming involved in theoretical arguments in geology may have stemmed partly from his scientific upbringing during the Dark Intermezzo and partly because he genuinely believed that he was better off sticking to what he thought he knew for sure. He nevertheless stressed that it is important for geologists ‘to dream’. It is often said about teachers that one should do what they say, not what they do. In Trümpy’s case, it was the opposite. Both scientifically and as a human being, he was a most admirable man.

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Notes

  1. There appear from time to time on the earth men of rare abilities, noble nature, who are noted for their virtues and whose eminent qualities throw a halo around them. Like those extraordinary stars, of the origin of which we are ignorant, and of which we know still less what they become after they have vanished from our eyes, they have neither ancestors nor descendants; they themselves constitute their whole race.

  2. For some of the published obituaries, see Bernoulli (2009), Lehner (2009), Milnes (2009), Schmid (2009 with a complete list of publications), Weissert (2009).

  3. William Barton Rogers (1804–1882) and Henry Darwin Rogers (1808–1866).

  4. But his evidence proved defective owing to his neglect of tectonic repetitions as surfaced later during the controversy known as “L’affaire de Petit Cœur” (see Şengör 2003a, b).

  5. Trümpy had been unaware of Élie de Baumont’s creation of the concept of geosyncline and had given the credit to Hall and Dana in his writings. He was much surprised when Şengör told him about Élie de Baumont’s priority, upon which he wrote: ‘I feel ashamed to have neglected reading Élie de Beaumont seriously—perhaps due to a personal dislike of the man. He certainly had some remarkable insights’ (Trümpy to Şengör 4th February 2004). Here is Trümpy the man, who had dislikes as well as likes and he greatly disliked figures of authority and dogmatism! That is why he did not respect Élie de Beaumont (who indeed had done much harm to geology as well as much good) and did not bother to read him seriously. Is this a hint for his not too great love for Argand (who had been much impressed with himself–justifiably–and did not bother to hide it: a very un-Swiss demeanour.) Trümpy’s close friend Professor Jean-Paul Schaer commented (written communication, 5th June 2010) that Trümpy despised authority, because he was perpetually in doubt. Argand, Schaer said, tried to hide his doubts by playing the prima donna. Trümpy, Schaer thinks, was too honest and too frank to be able to play such roles. We agree.

  6. Jean-Paul Schaer has pointed out (written comm. 5th June 2010) that also on Argand’s manuscript map, dated ‘Aoste, 25th September 1905’ and on his sketch ‘anatomie du pennique’ dated 1906 Argand showed the axial plunges away from the Ticino Dome.

  7. Haug (1907, 1908–1911).

  8. ‘Argand, with a memory, knowledge and creativity that I cannot fathom, has rolled out such problems of the mechanics of folding and brought them closer to a solution as if he were in an eagle’s flight over and beyond us’.

  9. Could he have been insipred by the fantastic ideas of Heinrich Wettstein (1831–1895) published in his 1880 book (Wettstein 1880)? See Carozzi (2007).

  10. Trümpy’s father was an oil geologist and the family often moved around the world following new appointments. This enabled the son to learn many languages and to come into contact with many cultures at an early stage in his life. He not only became a man of great learning but also one with a mind more open than most of his contemporaries. He also used to help his father or his colleagues by making translations. This was how, for example, he told Şengör that he had come to read Hans Stille’s rare but influential book Einführung in den Bau Amerikas (1940).

  11. The concept of the ‘root of a nappe’ is now little used, but it did play a significant role in the development of ideas on the tectonics of mountain ranges in which nappes occur. A ‘root’ is considered to be the place where the two flanks of a large recumbent fold (‘nappe of the first genre’) are pinched in a steep zone, from where the nappe is considered to have been expelled. The root thus now represents what previously was a much wider surface on which the rocks making up the nappe had originated. The reason why it is little used now is that very few nappes are believed to form by flopping over an immense recumbent fold whose radical extremities are pinched in a steep zone. The term ‘root’ has also been used for the origin of ‘nappes de deuxième order’, e.g. by Staub and others, at least in their later publications.

  12. Argand and Heim are well-known to extra-Alpine readers, but not the school-teacher Oberholzer for whom Trümpy always expressed great admiration. Oberholzer’s work formed much of the basis for Trümpy’s later work in this classic area. For his great work on the Glarus Alps and his superb drawings, see Oberholzer (1900, 1933a, b). Jean-Paul Schaer (written communcation, 5th June 2010) calls Trümpy a ‘paysagiste’ both of landscapes and of palaeogeographies. He also points out that because of his poetic language Argand could also be called an homme de lettre, but Argand was also a great peintre!

  13. It is interesting to note that before 1960, the maps of the Geological Atlas of Switzerland (1:25,000) indicated only steep faults but no nappe contacts (thrusts). Apparently, it was supposed that one could (or rather should) recognize these by properly reading the map.

  14. Heim was also a teetotaller and non-smoker, which Trümpy, who greatly enjoyed his wine, cognac and pipe, disapproved of.

  15. For the origin of the discussion, among Marcel Bertrand, Pierre Termier, Maurice Lugeon and Wilfrid Kilian (1862–1925), on the existence of these two kinds of nappes, see Termier (1903, p. 743, footnote 1).

  16. For references to Escher’s mostly very short notices on the geology of Glarus, see the excellent bibliography in Oberholzer (1933a).

  17. We are grateful to our friend Dr Hanspeter Funk for kindly keeping us abreast of the developments in the stratigraphy of the Helvetic Nappes in Glarus.

  18. 1823–1898.

  19. Haug (1909) had only ‘géosynclinal piémontais’.

  20. This is how Lugeon expressed the content of what later has been often referred to as Lugeon’s rule: ‘The more superficial one of these sedimentary waves is, the farther it tends to surge northwards and consequently the farther south it roots, the farther north it tends to extend’ (Lugeon 1901:773). This rule still holds except for its part pertaining to the northerly extension of some of the nappes. It may today be shortened and corrected (for the Alps) as ‘the higher a nappe is, the farther south it must root’.

  21. Ampferer believed that the Northern Calcareous Alps rooted north of the Tauern Fenster–a mortal sin in the eyes of most of the ‘nappists’ to use the terminology of the early twentieth century, the biases of whom Trümpy in part had inherited via his teacher Rudolf Staub. About Ampferer, Trümpy wrote to Şengör the following on 21st May 1999: ‘As you know well, I am amused by your Manichean approach. Otto Ampferer is a case in point. He was a Good Guy, because he drew some excellent maps, he understood some kind of subduction and he had a very clear conception of Atlantic spreading. The same Otto was a Bad Guy, because he underrated the amount of Alpine thrusting, he tried to root the Calcareous Alps north of the Tauern, and he had silly ideas about gravity sliding of nappes from an imaginary geotumor.’

  22. Bucher’s book was once reprinted by its original publisher, the Princeton University Press (1941), and thrice reprinted later by Hafner Press in New York: once in 1957 and again in 1964, and finally again in 1968.

  23. Professor Leopold Kober in the University of Vienna was one of the most influential conservative leaders of global and Alpine tectonics during the Dark Intermezzo.

  24. Reference here is to James Gilluly’s (unjustly) famous presidential address to the Geological Society of America in 1949. Few people seem to have noticed that this paper provoked a public debate in the pages of the Geologische Rundschau in 1950, in which Hans Stille showed (Stille 1950a, b) that Gilluly had not understood what he was criticising. Nevertheless, Gilluly’s address became very influential in the USA.

  25. Trümpy told Şengör that when he first met Stille in 1956, the old master was very kind and encouraging towards him. He said he greatly appreciated it at the time.

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Acknowledgments

Jean-Paul Schaer, a great colleague, close friend and genuine admirer of Rudolf Trümpy, has generously placed at our disposal his intimate knowledge of his dear friend–who he misses greatly–and of his work. We are also grateful to him for reading and commenting on an earlier draft of this paper, although we cannot hold him responsible for what we wrote. We also thank Mark Handy for carefully reading our manuscript and for his valuable suggestions and Martina Grundmann (Berlin) for drafting Fig. 11.

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  1. İTÜ Avrasya Yerbilimleri Enstitüsü, 34469, Ayazağa, İstanbul, Turkey

    A. M. Celâl Şengör

  2. Geologisch-Paläontologisches Institut der Universität Basel, Bernoullistrasse 32, 4056, Basel, Switzerland

    Daniel Bernoulli

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Şengör, A.M.C., Bernoulli, D. How to stir a revolution as a reluctant rebel: Rudolf Trümpy in the Alps. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 100, 899–936 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-011-0648-0

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