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Migration of geothermal fluids in extensional terrains: the ore deposits of the Boccheggiano-Montieri area (southern Tuscany, Italy)

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Abstract

An integrated study based on fluid inclusion, δ18O composition and structural analyses was carried out on a Pliocene fossil hydrothermal system, located to the South of the present active Larderello geothermal field, in the Boccheggiano-Montieri area. The study area is typified by mineralized cataclastic levels related to Late Oligocene–Early Miocene thrust surfaces, and to the following two generations of normal faults of Miocene and Pliocene ages, respectively. Within the damage zone of the Pliocene Boccheggiano fault, the mineralization is mainly made up of quartz and pyrite. Quartz + Pb–Zn sulfides, or quartz + Pb–Zn sulfides + fluorite + carbonates assemblages occur instead in the older cataclastic levels. Two generations of liquid-rich fluid inclusions were recognized in quartz and fluorite: the first one, with homogenization temperatures ranging between 172 and 331°C and salinity between 0.0 and 8.8 wt.% NaClequiv., records the early stage of hydrothermal activity. The second generation of fluid inclusions documents a later stage, with homogenization temperature from 124 to 288°C and salinity from 0.2 to 1.9 wt.% NaClequiv.. Fluid inclusions analyses also indicate that mixing of fluid with distinct salinities and/or temperatures was a widespread process during the early stage, and that fluid temperatures decreased moving from the Boccheggiano fault toward the more distal and older cataclastic levels. The δ18O values of water in equilibrium with hydrothermal quartz, which range from −5.7 to −0.1‰, are related to the circulation of meteoric water mixed with saline water that leached the evaporite level and enriched in δ18O through water–rock interaction, and/or with magmatically derived fluids. Results indicate that the damage zone of the Pliocene Boccheggiano fault represented the main channel for the flow of meteoric water, which was heated at depth, then mixed with high salinity fluids, and finally ascend to infiltrate along the older cataclastic levels. Our results, based on fluid inclusions, oxygen isotopic compositions and structural analyses indicate that a single fluid flow path run through the damage zone of the Boccheggiano fault and the older cataclasites, which were thus hydraulically connected.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to H. A. Gilg and J. M. Diaz; their criticism and constructive comments helped us to improve the original manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dipartimento di Geologia e Geofisica, Università di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy

    Domenico Liotta

  2. CNR-Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse, Via La Pira 4, 50121, Florence, Italy

    Giovanni Ruggieri

  3. Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, University of Siena, Via Laterina 8, 53100, Siena, Italy

    Andrea Brogi

  4. Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, University of Pisa, Via S.Maria 53, 56100, Pisa, Italy

    Paolo Fulignati

  5. CNR-Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse, Via Moruzzi 1, 56125, Pisa, Italy

    Andrea Dini & Isabella Nardini

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  1. Domenico Liotta
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Correspondence to Domenico Liotta.

Appendix

Appendix

Microthermometry of fluid inclusions was carried out on ~100-μm thick, double polished wafers at the Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra (University of Pisa) and at Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse (CNR) in Pisa using Linkam THMS 600 heating–freezing stages. The stages were calibrated by means of synthetic fluid inclusions containing H2O with critical density and H2O–CO2 fluids. Accuracy was estimated in the order of ±0.2°C during freezing below 10°C, and ±2.0°C when heating up to 350°C.

Oxygen isotopes analyses on quartz separates were measured at Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse (CNR) in Pisa, by conventional laser fluorination (Sharp 1995). Pure F2 desorbed from K3NiF7 salt (Asprey 1976) was used as reagent, and O2 was the analyte measured with a Finnigan Delta XP MS via zeolite 13X molecular sieve. Quartz aliquots of 1.5–2 mg were separated and laser fluorinated, and the measurements were at least duplicated and averaged out with analytical precision of ±0.15‰(1σ) or better. Precision and accuracy of the analyses were monitored by measuring aliquots of QMS in-house quartz standard (δ18O = 14.05‰), yielding an average δ18O = 14.06‰, 1σ = ±0.12‰. No data correction were necessary for the results, which are reported in the standard per mil (‰) notation. All δ18O values are relative to the international reference standard VSMOW (Vienna Standard Mean for Oceanic Water according to I.A.E.A.).

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Liotta, D., Ruggieri, G., Brogi, A. et al. Migration of geothermal fluids in extensional terrains: the ore deposits of the Boccheggiano-Montieri area (southern Tuscany, Italy). Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 99, 623–644 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-008-0411-3

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