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Influence of management and stand composition on ecosystem multifunctionality of Mediterranean tree forests

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Abstract

Key message

The multiple functions of Mediterranean forest ecosystems primarily decrease with management operations, and secondarily with tree composition. This finding emphasizes the importance of a suitable management for maintaining ecosystem functioning in Mediterranean forests.

Abstract

In semi-arid ecosystems, forests are critical sites for supporting multifunctionality, which are endangered by multiple environmental stresses. In this regard, understanding how ecosystem multifunctionality (EMF) develops in semi-arid forests is important to set up actions preserving these delicate environments. Changes in species composition and management operations can have heavy effects on the Mediterranean forest ecosystem. To better understand the influence of these drivers on EMF of Mediterranean forests, this study compares ecosystem structure, properties and functions as well as the resulting EMF in four types of forests in Central-Eastern Spain: (1) a pure and unmanaged stand of Spanish black pine, assumed as control; (2) a pure, but managed stand of Spanish black pine; (3) two mixed and unmanaged stands of Spanish black pine and (3.a) Spanish juniper and (3.b) holm oak. Regarding the ecosystem structure, both forest management and stand composition altered plant diversity, but not soil covers (except for vegetation). About the ecosystem properties, soil characteristics significantly changed between pairs of stands (especially texture, pH and bulk density). Concerning the ecosystem functions, forest stand structure was a significant driver of waste decomposition, but not of wood production, while its effect on nutrient cycling, belowground carbon stocks and water cycle was different according to the specific tree species. The impacts of forest management on the ecosystem functions were in general significant compared to the unmanaged stand in terms of wood production, belowground carbon stocks and nutrient cycling, but not of water cycle and waste decomposition. Overall, this study demonstrates that the average EMF is primarily affected by forest management (with a decrease in EMF in managed stands compared to the unmanaged forest), and by stand composition only in the case of one mixed stand. As such, the forest management actions must be carefully adopted, to avoid EMF degradation.

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Acknowledgements

Thanks are due for the financial supports from PID2021-126946OB-100/MCIN/AEI/1013039/501100011033 project as well as from FEDER (Una manera de hacer Europa), TED2021-12945B-41/MCIN/AEI/1013039/501100011033/Unión Europea NextGenerationEU/PRTR.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Escuela Técnica Superior Ingenieros Agrónomos y Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, 02071, Albacete, Spain

    Maria Dolores Carmona-Yáñez, Manuel Esteban Lucas-Borja, Pablo Garrido Gallego & Pedro Antonio Plaza-Alvarez

  2. Department AGRARIA, “Mediterranea” University of Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, I-89122, Reggio Calabria, Italy

    Demetrio Antonio Zema

  3. State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, and College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, Gansu, China

    Xin Jing

  4. Faculty of Natural Resources & Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, 46417-76489, Mazandaran, Iran

    Yahya Kooch

  5. German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany

    Guiyao Zhou

  6. Laboratorio de Biodiversidad y Funcionamiento Ecosistémico, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Av. Reina Mercedes 10, 41012, Seville, Spain

    Guiyao Zhou & Manuel Delgado-Baquerizo

  7. Unidad Asociada CSIC-UPO (BioFun), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013, Seville, Spain

    Manuel Delgado-Baquerizo

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  1. Maria Dolores Carmona-Yáñez
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  2. Manuel Esteban Lucas-Borja
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  3. Demetrio Antonio Zema
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  4. Xin Jing
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  5. Yahya Kooch
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  6. Pablo Garrido Gallego
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  7. Pedro Antonio Plaza-Alvarez
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  8. Guiyao Zhou
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  9. Manuel Delgado-Baquerizo
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Contributions

Conceptualization: MDC-Y, MEL-B, XJ, YK, GZ, MD-B; methodology: MDC-Y, MEL-B, DAZ, XJ, YK, PGG, GZ, MD-B; validation: MEL-B, DAZ, MD-B; formal analysis: MDC-Y, MEL-B, DAZ, XJ, YK, PGG, GZ, MEL-B; investigation: MDC-Y, MEL-B, DAZ, XJ, YK, PGG, GZ, MEL-B; data curation: MDC-Y, MEL-B, DAZ, XJ, YK, GZ; writing—original draft: MDC-Y, MEL-B, XJ, GZ; writing—review and editing: MDC-Y, MEL-B, DAZ, XJ, YK, PGG, GZ, MD-B; supervision: MEL-B; project administration: MEL-B.

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Correspondence to Demetrio Antonio Zema.

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Carmona-Yáñez, M.D., Lucas-Borja, M.E., Zema, D.A. et al. Influence of management and stand composition on ecosystem multifunctionality of Mediterranean tree forests. Trees 37, 1801–1816 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-023-02462-w

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