Abstract
Environmental conditions control physiological processes in plants and thus their growth. The predicted global warming is expected to accelerate tree growth. However, the growth response is a complex function of several processes with both direct and indirect effects. To analyse this problem we have used needle nitrogen productivity, which is an aggregate parameter for production of new foliage. Data on needle dry matter, production, and nitrogen content in needles of Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris) and Norway spruce ( Picea abies) from a wide range of climatic conditions were collected and needle nitrogen productivities, defined as dry matter production of needles per unit of nitrogen in the needle biomass, were calculated. Our results show that the nitrogen productivity for spruce is insensitive to temperature. However, for pine, temperature affects both the magnitude of nitrogen productivity at low needle biomass and the response to self-shading but the temperature response is small at the high end of needle biomass. For practical applications it may be sufficient to use a species-specific nitrogen productivity that is independent of temperature. Because temperature affects tree growth indirectly as well as through soil processes, the effects of temperature change on tree growth and ecosystem carbon storage should mainly be derived from effects on nitrogen availability through changes in nitrogen mineralization. In addition, this paper summarises data on dry matter, production and nitrogen content of needles of conifers along a temperature gradient.
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the EU-financed project Recognition (FAIR6 CT98–4124). We thank Oleg Chertov and Alex Komarov for their help during the preparation of this manuscript and for comments on an earlier version of the paper. We appreciate comments by Vladimir Usoltsev and the particularly thoughtful remarks by Irina Ryzhova. We also thank Lee Allen for providing the comment from North Carolina State Forest Nutrition Cooperative.
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Appendices
Appendix 1
Data on Pinus sylvestris stands
Mean annual temperature T (°C), total and current needle biomasses (t/ha), amount of nitrogen in needle biomass (kg/ha), nitrogen productivity (P N) in Pinus sylvestris stands of different ages (years)
Location | Age | T | Total needle | Current needle | Amount of N in needle | P N | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Russia, W.Siberia, Tomsk | 130 | −1.5 | 2.26 | 0.85 | 24.48 | 34.72 | Pyavchenko1967 |
Russia, Yaroslavl | 57 | 3.4 | 6.78 | 2.39 | 96.28 | 24.82 | Utkin 1988 |
Russia, Yaroslavl | 41 | 3.4 | 9.02 | 3.42 | 144.32 | 23.70 | Utkin 1988 |
Finland, south | 28 | 3.8 | 2.32 | 0.90 | 25.60 | 35.16 | Mälkönen and Kukkola 1991 |
Finland, south | 45 | 3.8 | 3.54 | 1.38 | 43.50 | 31.72 | Mälkönen and Kukkola 1991 |
Finland, south | 48 | 3.8 | 3.90 | 1.75 | 49.11 | 35.63 | Mälkönen and Kukkola 1991 |
Finland, south | 48 | 3.8 | 3.96 | 1.72 | 55.27 | 32.21 | Mälkönen and Kukkola 1991 |
Finland, south | 47 | 3.8 | 4.03 | 1.57 | 50.73 | 30.87 | Mälkönen and Kukkola 1991 |
Finland, south | 47 | 3.8 | 4.04 | 1.66 | 50.87 | 32.53 | Mälkönen and Kukkola 1991 |
Finland, south | 48 | 3.8 | 4.39 | 1.72 | 55.27 | 31.03 | Mälkönen and Kukkola 1991 |
Finland, south | 48 | 3.8 | 4.40 | 1.82 | 55.46 | 32.78 | Mälkönen and Kukkola 1991 |
Finland, south | 47 | 3.8 | 4.41 | 1.67 | 55.55 | 29.99 | Mälkönen and Kukkola 1991 |
Finland, south | 47 | 3.8 | 4.43 | 1.67 | 55.55 | 31.41 | Mälkönen and Kukkola 1991 |
Finland, south | 48 | 3.8 | 4.54 | 1.72 | 55.27 | 34.13 | Mälkönen and Kukkola 1991 |
Finland, south | 47 | 3.8 | 4.55 | 1.64 | 57.37 | 28.50 | Mälkönen and Kukkola 1991 |
Finland, south | 48 | 3.8 | 4.60 | 1.97 | 58.02 | 33.97 | Mälkönen and Kukkola 1991 |
Finland, south | 68 | 3.8 | 4.68 | 1.64 | 58.99 | 27.85 | Mälkönen and Kukkola 1991 |
Finland, south | 68 | 3.8 | 4.76 | 1.61 | 59.99 | 26.75 | Mälkönen and Kukkola 1991 |
Russia, Moscow | 17 | 3.8 | 4.80 | 2.24 | 67.40 | 33.24 | Sudnitsyna 1967 |
Finland, south | 48 | 3.8 | 5.05 | 2.31 | 63.68 | 36.28 | Mälkönen and Kukkola 1991 |
Finland, south | 68 | 3.8 | 5.11 | 1.62 | 64.35 | 25.24 | Mälkönen 1974 |
Finland, south | 68 | 3.8 | 6.02 | 2.18 | 75.80 | 28.73 | Mälkönen 1974 |
Russia, Moscow | 17 | 3.8 | 7.20 | 2.74 | 89.70 | 30.55 | Sudnitsyna 1967 |
Russia, Moscow | 17 | 3.8 | 7.50 | 2.61 | 100.90 | 25.87 | Sudnitsyna, 1967 |
Sweden, Jädraås | 120–150 | 4.0 | 3.94 | 1.26 | 50.70 | 24.89 | Bringmark 1977 |
Sweden, Lisselbo E40 | 25 | 5.4 | 3.61 | 1.19 | 40.70 | 29.26 | Albrektson et al. 1977 |
Sweden, Lisselbo E40 | 25 | 5.4 | 6.21 | 2.42 | 134.90 | 17.90 | Albrektson et al. 1977 |
Sweden, Lisselbo E40 | 25 | 5.4 | 6.63 | 2.53 | 98.80 | 25.62 | Albrektson et al. 1977 |
Sweden, Lisselbo E40 | 25 | 5.4 | 7.27 | 2.50 | 116.10 | 21.49 | Albrektson et al. 1977 |
Sweden, Lisselbo E40 | 25 | 5.4 | 7.31 | 2.30 | 97.10 | 23.67 | Albrektson et al. 1977 |
Byelorussia, Smolevichi | 6 | 5.5 | 1.08 | 0.43 | 13.90 | 30.94 | Yurkevich 1974 |
Byelorussia, Vasilevichi | 53 | 6.2 | 3.85 | 1.91 | 58.14 | 32.85 | Smoljak and Petrov 1978 |
Byelorussia, Vasilevichi | 44 | 6.2 | 4.78 | 2.11 | 72.18 | 29.23 | Smoljak and Petrov 1978 |
Byelorussia, Vasilevichi | 43 | 6.2 | 4.79 | 2.07 | 72.33 | 28.62 | Smoljak and Petrov 1978 |
Byelorussia, Vasilevichi | 42 | 6.2 | 5.56 | 2.20 | 83.96 | 26.20 | Smoljak and Petrov 1978 |
Byelorussia, Vasilevichi | 27 | 6.2 | 5.61 | 2.05 | 84.71 | 24.20 | Smoljak and Petrov 1978 |
Byelorussia, Vasilevichi | 56 | 6.2 | 5.62 | 2.23 | 84.86 | 26.28 | Smoljak and Petrov 1978 |
Byelorussia, Vasilevichi | 36 | 6.2 | 5.82 | 2.40 | 87.88 | 27.31 | Smoljak and Petrov 1978 |
Byelorussia, Ozarichi | 54 | 6.2 | 6.55 | 2.24 | 98.91 | 22.65 | Smoljak and Petrov 1978 |
Byelorussia, Ozarichi | 51 | 6.2 | 6.60 | 2.38 | 99.66 | 23.88 | Smoljak and Petrov 1978 |
Byelorussia, Ozarichi | 51 | 6.2 | 6.93 | 2.96 | 104.63 | 28.29 | Smoljak and Petrov 1978 |
Byelorussia, Osipovichi | 8 | 6.3 | 1.62 | 0.50 | 21.06 | 23.71 | Yurkevich and Yaroshevich1974 |
Ukraina, Roven’ | 90 | 6.8 | 2.80 | 1.90 | 50.90 | 37.33 | Smoljaninov, 1969 |
Byelorussia, Ivacevichi | 43 | 6.8 | 3.87 | 1.20 | 58.44 | 20.53 | Smoljak and Petrov 1978 |
Byelorussia, Ivacevichi | 60 | 6.8 | 4.25 | 1.37 | 64.18 | 21.35 | Smoljak and Petrov 1978 |
Byelorussia, Ivacevichi | 47 | 6.8 | 5.30 | 1.68 | 80.03 | 20.99 | Smoljak and Petrov 1978 |
Byelorussia, Ivacevichi | 64 | 6.8 | 5.53 | 1.84 | 83.50 | 22.04 | Smoljak and Petrov 1978 |
Byelorussia, Ivacevichi | 43 | 6.8 | 5.94 | 1.86 | 89.69 | 20.74 | Smoljak and Petrov 1978 |
Byelorussia, Ivacevichi | 44 | 6.8 | 6.62 | 2.45 | 99.96 | 24.51 | Smoljak and Petrov 1978 |
Byelorussia, Ivacevichi | 45 | 6.8 | 6.85 | 2.50 | 103.44 | 24.17 | Smoljak and Petrov 1978 |
Byelorussia, Kobrichi | 47 | 7.3 | 4.20 | 1.72 | 63.42 | 27.13 | Smoljak and Petrov 1978 |
Byelorussia, Kobrichi | 49 | 7.3 | 7.49 | 2.37 | 113.10 | 20.96 | Smoljak and Petrov 1978 |
Byelorussia, Kobrichi | 50 | 7.3 | 7.81 | 3.17 | 117.93 | 26.88 | Smoljak and Petrov 1978 |
Byelorussia, Kobrichi | 50 | 7.3 | 8.32 | 2.87 | 125.63 | 22.84 | Smoljak and Petrov 1978 |
Byelorussia, Kobrichi | 49 | 7.3 | 8.34 | 2.86 | 125.93 | 22.71 | Smoljak and Petrov 1978 |
Byelorussia, Kobrichi | 40 | 7.3 | 9.00 | 2.70 | 135.90 | 19.87 | Smoljak and Petrov 1978 |
Scotland, Morayshire | 64 | 8.2 | 4.71 | 1.56 | 50.44 | 30.93 | Wright et.al. 1958 |
Appendix 2
Data on Picea abies stands
Mean annual temperature T (°C), total and current needle biomasses (t/ha), amount of nitrogen in needle biomass (kg/ha), nitrogen productivity ( P N) in Picea abies stands of different ages (years)
Location | Age | T | Total needle | Current needle | Amount of N in needle | P N | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sweden, Stråsan, E26A | 10–15 | 3.2 | 4.06 | 0.87 | 44 | 19.77 | Tamm 1974 |
Sweden, Stråsan, E26A | 10–15 | 3.2 | 4.00 | 0.83 | 43 | 19.30 | Tamm 1974 |
Sweden, Stråsan, E26A | 10–15 | 3.2 | 7.49 | 1.57 | 109 | 14.40 | Tamm 1974 |
Sweden, Stråsan, E26A | 10–15 | 3.2 | 10.71 | 2.51 | 156 | 16.09 | Tamm 1974 |
Sweden, Stråsan, E26A | 10–15 | 3.2 | 13.96 | 3.43 | 272 | 12.61 | Tamm 1974 |
Sweden, Stråsan, E26A | 10–15 | 3.2 | 7.82 | 1.96 | 153 | 12.81 | Tamm 1974 |
Sweden, Stråsan, E26A | 10–15 | 3.2 | 11.14 | 2.78 | 235 | 11.83 | Tamm 1974 |
Sweden, Stråsan, E26A | 10–15 | 3.2 | 12.00 | 2.95 | 253 | 11.66 | Tamm 1974 |
Sweden, Stråsan, E26A | 10–15 | 3.2 | 9.67 | 2,78 | 189 | 14.71 | Tamm 1974 |
Sweden, Stråsan, E26A | 10–15 | 3.2 | 6.57 | 1.86 | 128 | 14.53 | Tamm 1974 |
UK, Thetford Chase | 11 | 3.2 | 5.80 | 2.54 | 125 | 20.32 | Ovington 1957 |
UK, Thetford Chase | 14 | 7.8 | 6.69 | 3.16 | 150 | 21.07 | Ovington 1957 |
UK, Thetford Chase | 17 | 7.8 | 8.97 | 3.95 | 250 | 15.80 | Ovington 1957 |
UK, Thetford Chase | 20 | 7.8 | 10.48 | 4.37 | 290 | 15.07 | Ovington 1957 |
UK, Thetford Chase | 23 | 7.8 | 5.06 | 2.62 | 225 | 11.64 | Ovington 1957 |
Sweden, Hökaberg, E1 | 23 | 7.5 | 13.4 | 2.60 | 145 | 27.85 | Tamm 1975 |
Sweden, Hökaberg, E1 | 23 | 7.5 | 11.77 | 2.35 | 127 | 26.75 | Tamm 1975 |
Sweden, Hökaberg, E1 | 23 | 7.5 | 11.58 | 2.25 | 130 | 33.24 | Tamm 1975 |
Sweden, Hökaberg, E1 | 23 | 7.5 | 15.53 | 2.91 | 175 | 36.28 | Tamm 1975 |
Sweden, Hökaberg, E1 | 23 | 7.5 | 12.94 | 2.56 | 220 | 25.24 | Tamm 1975 |
Sweden, Hökaberg, E1 | 23 | 7.5 | 14.9 | 2.81 | 253 | 28.73 | Tamm 1975 |
Sweden, Hökaberg, E1 | 23 | 7.5 | 12.68 | 2.45 | 316 | 30.55 | Tamm 1975 |
Sweden, Hökaberg, E1 | 23 | 7.5 | 14.36 | 2.71 | 358 | 25.87 | Tamm 1975 |
UK, Thetford Chase | 31 | 7.8 | 8.28 | 4.01 | 240 | 16.70 | Ovington 1957 |
Sweden, Skogaby | 31 | 7.6 | 14.00 | 2.50 | 169 | 14.81 | |
Germany, Solling | 34 | 5.9 | 18.9 | 2.98 | 248 | 12.02 | Cole and Rapp 1981 |
UK, Thetford Chase | 35 | 7.8 | 9.83 | 3.46 | 300 | 11.53 | Ovington 1957 |
Italy, Monte di Mezzo | 37 | 8.5 | 16.8 | 2.80 | 147 | 19.01 | |
Sweden, Skåne | 55 | 7.6 | 18.00 | 2.60 | 220 | 11.82 | Nihlgård 1972 |
UK, Thetford Chase | 55 | 7.8 | 7.24 | 3.58 | 245 | 14.61 | Ovington 1957 |
Czechoslovakia | 70 | 5.5 | 20.6 | 3.25 | 251 | 12.95 | Klimo 1980 |
Denmark, Klosterhede | 76 | 7,5 | 15.00 | 1.00 | 188 | 5.31 | |
Russia, Valday | 80 | 5.0 | 25.55 | 2.85 | 526 | 5.41 | Grishina 1974 |
Germany, Hoeglwald | 85 | 8.2 | 17.00 | 5.60 | 238 | 23.53 | H. Persson et al, personal communication |
Russia, north Dvina | 50 | −0.9 | 12.52 | 2.19 | 140 | 15.62 | Bazilevich 1983 |
Russia, Onezhskoe see | 50 | 2.2 | 9.86 | 2.20 | 119 | 18.55 | Bazilevich 1983 |
Russia, Valday hight | 50 | 4.75 | 13.91 | 2.95 | 127 | 23.31 | Bazilevich 1983 |
Russia, Chibiny, 500 m | 50 | 0.5 | 5.15 | 1.38 | 49 | 27.91 | Bazilevich 1983 |
Russia, Gulf of Finland | 50 | 4.1 | 18.28 | 3.39 | 164 | 20.65 | Bazilevich 1983 |
Germany, Solling | 87 | 5.9 | 17.9 | 2.90 | 228 | 12.72 | Cole and Rapp 1981 |
France, Aubure | 92 | 5.4 | 9.20 | 2.10 | 129 | 16.32 | |
Germany, Solling | 115 | 5.9 | 12.7 | 2.12 | 161 | 13.17 | Cole and Rapp 1981 |
Sweden Jädraås | 120–150 | 4.0 | 3.94 | 1.26 | 51 | 24.89 | Bringmark 1977 |
Germany, Waldstein | 142 | 5.5 | 16.60 | 4.70 | 242 | 19.45 | |
Czech Republic, Nacetin | 568 | 5.9 | 13.3 | 3.60 | 203 | 17.75 | Persson et al. 2000 |
Russia, Archangel province | 200 | −0.2 | 16.27 | 2.20 | 210 | 10.49 | Marchenko and Karlov 1962 |
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Ladanai, S., Ågren, G.I. Temperature sensitivity of nitrogen productivity for Scots pine and Norway spruce. Trees 18, 312–319 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-003-0308-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-003-0308-5