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Gut microbiota and neonatal acute kidney injury biomarkers

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Abstract

One of the most frequent issues in newborns is acute kidney injury (AKI), which can lengthen their hospital stay or potentially raise their chance of dying. The gut–kidney axis establishes a bidirectional interplay between gut microbiota and kidney illness, particularly AKI, and demonstrates the importance of gut microbiota to host health. Since the ability to predict neonatal AKI using blood creatinine and urine output as evaluation parameters is somewhat constrained, a number of interesting biomarkers have been developed. There are few in-depth studies on the relationships between these neonatal AKI indicators and gut microbiota. In order to gain fresh insights into the gut–kidney axis of neonatal AKI, this review is based on the gut–kidney axis and describes relationships between gut microbiota and neonatal AKI biomarkers.

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Data availability

Data are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Abbreviations

AKI:

Acute kidney injury

nAKI:

Neonatal AKI

sCr:

Serum creatinine

UOP:

Urine output

AKIN:

Acute kidney injury network

RIFLE:

Risk–injury–failure–loss of function–end-stage kidney disease

KDIGO:

Kidney diseases: improving global outcomes

GFR:

Glomerular filtration rate

Th:

T helper

SCFAs:

Short-chain fatty acids

TLR:

Toll-like receptor

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor-α

IL:

Interleukin

MCP-1:

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

TMAO:

Trimethylamine-N-oxide

IS:

Indole sulfate

PCS:

P-cresol sulfate

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharide

PI3K:

Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase

AKT:

Protein kinase B

mTOR:

Mammalian target of rapamycin

NF-κB:

Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells

NLRP:

Nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-containing family, pyrin domain-containing

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase

TGF:

Transforming growth factor

NOX:

NADPH oxidase

PERK:

Protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase

ERK:

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase

AhR:

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor

CKD:

Chronic kidney disease

HAVCR1:

Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 1

GPRs:

G protein–coupled receptors

HDACs:

Histone deacetylases

DCs:

Dendritic cells

NGAL:

Neutrophil gelatinase–associated lipocalin

LCN-2:

Lipocalin-2

uNGAL:

Urinary NGAL

STAT3:

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3

CysC:

Cystatin C

KIM-1:

Kidney injury molecule 1

OPN:

Osteopontin

FGF23:

Fibroblast growth factor 23

EGF:

Epidermal growth factor

EGFR:

EGF receptors

CCL2:

C-C motif chemokine ligand 2

JAM:

Junctional adhesion molecules

MLCK:

Myosin light chain kinase

NLR:

Nod-like receptor

PKC:

Protein kinase C

Tregs:

Regulatory T cells

VLBW:

Very low birth weight

Nrf2:

Nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2

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Funding

This article was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81571480), Sichuan Science and Technology Department Major Science and Technology Special Project (22ZDYF1470), and Luzhou Municipal People's Government-Southwest Medical University Science and Technology Strategic Cooperation Project (2020LZXNYDJ03).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China

    Kun Yang, Guoxia Du, Jinjing Liu, Shuai Zhao & Wenbin Dong

  2. Department of Perinatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China

    Kun Yang, Guoxia Du, Jinjing Liu, Shuai Zhao & Wenbin Dong

  3. Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects, Luzhou, 646000, China

    Kun Yang, Guoxia Du, Jinjing Liu, Shuai Zhao & Wenbin Dong

Authors
  1. Kun Yang
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  2. Guoxia Du
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  3. Jinjing Liu
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  4. Shuai Zhao
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  5. Wenbin Dong
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Contributions

KY and WD designed the manuscript. KY wrote the manuscript. KY, GD, JL, and SZ collected the data for the manuscript. KY, GD, JL, SZ, and WD revised the manuscript. All authors contributed to the manuscript and approved the submitted version.

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Correspondence to Wenbin Dong.

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Yang, K., Du, G., Liu, J. et al. Gut microbiota and neonatal acute kidney injury biomarkers. Pediatr Nephrol 38, 3529–3547 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-023-05931-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-023-05931-z

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