Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Intrathoracoscopic localization techniques

Review of literature

  • Review article
  • Published:
Surgical Endoscopy And Other Interventional Techniques Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Background

Several techniques for localizing pulmonary nodules have been described, but the advantages and disadvantages of each method remain unclear. We reviewed ultrasound, endofinger, finger palpation and wait and watch, radioguided, vital dye, fluoroscopic, agar marking, and needle wire methods for localizing pulmonary nodules.

Methods

Original, peer-reviewed, and full-length articles in English were searched with PubMed and ISI Web of Sciences. Case reports and case series with less than 10 patients were excluded.

Results

All localization techniques showed good reliability, but some carry a high rate of major or minor complications and drawbacks.

Conclusion

No ideal localization technique is available; thus, the choice still depends on surgeon’s preference and local availability of both specialists and instruments.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Akamatsu H, Sunamori M, Katsuo K (2000) Thoracoscopic lung resection for extremely small nodular lesions using simultaneous intraoperative real-time computed tomography. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 48: 34–35

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Baldwin DR, Eaton T, Kolbe J, Christmas T, Milne D, Mercer J, Steele E, Garrett J, Wilsher ML, Wells AU (2002) Management of solitary pulmonary nodules: how do thoracic computed tomography and guided fine needle biopsy influence clinical decisions? Thorax 57: 817–822

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Bernard A (1996) Resection of pulmonary nodules using video-assisted thoracic surgery. The Thorax Group. Ann Thorac Surg 61: 202–204

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Boni G, Bellina CR, Grosso M, Lucchi M, Manca G, Ambrogi MC, Volterrani D, Menconi G, Melfi FM, Gonfiotti A, et al. (2000) Gamma probe-guided thoracoscopic surgery of small pulmonary nodules. Tumori 86: 364–366

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Cardillo G, Regal M, Sera F, Di Martino M, Carbone L, Facciolo F, Martelli M (2003) Videothoracoscopic management of the solitary pulmonary nodule: a single-institution study on 429 cases. Ann Thorac Surg 75: 1607–1611

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Chella A, Lucchi M, Ambrogi MC, Menconi G, Melfi FM, Gonfiotti A, Boni G, Angeletti CA (2000) A pilot study of the role of TC-99 radionuclide in localization of pulmonary nodular lesions for thoracoscopic resection. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 18: 17–21

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Choi BG, Kim HH, Kim BS, Kim KT, Shinn KS, Moon SW (1998) Pulmonary nodules: CT-guided contrast material localization for thoracoscopic resection. Radiology 208: 399–401

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Ciriaco P, Negri G, Puglisi A, Nicoletti R, Del Maschio A, Zannini P (2004) Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for pulmonary nodules: rationale for preoperative computed tomography-guided hookwire localization. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 25: 429–433

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Daniel TM, Altes TA, Rehm PK, Williams MB, Jones DR, Stolin AV, Gay SB (2004) A novel technique for localization and excisional biopsy of small or ill-defined pulmonary lesions. Ann Thorac Surg 77: 1756–1762

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. De Kerviler E, Gossot D, Celerier M, Frija J (1998) Limitations of intraoperative sonography for the localization of pulmonary nodules during thoracoscopy. Am J Roentgenol 170: 214–215

    Google Scholar 

  11. De Kerviler E, Gossot D, Frija J (1996) Localization techniques for the thoracoscopic resection of pulmonary nodules. Int Surg 8: 241–244

    Google Scholar 

  12. Dendo S, Kanazawa S, Ando A, Hyodo T, Kouno Y, Yasui K, Mimura H, Akaki S, Kuroda M, Shimizu N, et al. (2002) Preoperative localization of small pulmonary lesions with a short hook wire and suture system: experience with 168 procedures. Radiology 225: 511–518

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Dewan NA, Gupta NC, Redepenning LS (1993) Diagnostic efficacy of PET-FDG imaging in solitary pulmonary nodules: potential role in evaluation and management. Chest 104: 997–1002

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Dewan NA, Shehan CJ, Reeb SD, Gobar LS, Scott WJ, Ryschon K (1997) Likelihood of malignancy in a solitary pulmonary nodule. Comparison of Bayesian analysis and results of FDG-PET scan. Chest 112: 416–422

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Dowling RD, Keenan RJ, Ferson PF, Landreneau RJ (1993) Video-assisted thoracoscopic resection of pulmonary metastases. Ann Thorac Surg 56: 772–775

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Dowling RD, Landreneau RJ, Miller DL (1998) Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for resection of lung metastases. Chest 113: 2s–5s

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Ginsberg MS, Griff SK, Go BD, Yoo HH, Schwartz LH, Panicek DM (1999) Pulmonary nodules resected at video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery: etiology in 426 patients. Radiology 213: 277–282

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Greenfield AL, Steiner RM, Liu JB, Cohn HE, Goldberg BB, Rawool NM, Merton DA (1997) Sonographic guidance for the localization of peripheral pulmonary nodules during thoracoscopy. Am J Roentgenol 168: 1057–1060

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Gupta NC, Maloof J, Gunel E (1996) Probability of malignancy in solitary pulmonary nodules using fluorine-18-FDG and PET. J Nucl Med 37: 943–948

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Hanninen EL, Langrehr J, Raakow R, Rottgen R, Schmidt S, Pech M, Ricke J, Felix R (2004) Computed tomography-guided pulmonary nodule localization before thoracoscopic resection. Acta Radiol 45: 284–288

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Hida Y, Kato H, Nishibe T, Narita Y, Okubo T, Takahashi T, Doke M, Okushiba S, Motohara T, Sasaki S (1996) Value of intraoperative intrathoracic ultrasonography during video-assisted thoracoscopic pulmonary resection. Surg Laparosc Endosc 6: 472–475

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Horan TA, Pinheiro PM, Araujo LM, Santiago FF, Rodrigues MR (2002) Massive gas embolism during pulmonary nodule hook wire localization. Ann Thorac Surg 73: 1647–1649

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Kanazawa S, Ando A, Yasui K, Mitani M, Hiraki Y, Shimizu N, Hamanaka D, Kojima K (1998) Localization of pulmonary nodules for thoracoscopic resection: experience with a system using a short hookwire and suture. Am J Roentgenol 170: 332–334

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Katada K, Kato R, Anno H, Ogura Y, Koga S, Ida Y, Sato M, Nonomura K (1996) Guidance with real-time CT fluoroscopy: early clinical experience. Radiology 200: 851–856

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Landreneau RJ, Mack MJ, Dowling RD, Luketich JD, Keenan RJ, Ferson PF, Hazelrigg SR (1998) The role of thoracoscopy in lung cancer management. Chest 113: 6S–12S

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Lardinois D, Weder W, Hany TF, Kamel EM, Korom S, Seifert B, von Schulthess GK, Steinert HC (2003) Staging of non-small-cell lung cancer with integrated positron-emission tomography and computed tomography. N Engl J Med 348: 2500–2507

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Lenglinger FX, Schwarz CD, Artmann W (1994) Localization of pulmonary nodules before thoracoscopic surgery: value of percutaneous staining with methylene blue. Am J Roentgenol 163: 297–300

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Liptay MJ, Masters GA, Winchester DJ, Edelman BL, Garrido BJ, Hirschtritt TR, Perlman RM, Fry WA (2000) Intraoperative radioisotope sentinel lymph node mapping in non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 70: 384–389

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Little AG (2002) Sentinel node biopsy for staging lung cancer. Surg Clin North Am 82: 561–571

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Little AG, DeHoyos A, Kirgan DM, Arcomano TR, Murray KD (1999) Intraoperative lymphatic mapping for non-small cell lung cancer: the sentinel node technique. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 117: 220–224

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Liu HP, Lin PJ, Hsieh MJ, Chang JP, Chang CH (1995) Application of thoracoscopy for lung metastases. Chest 107: 266–268

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Lizza N, Eucher P, Haxhe JP, De Wispelaere JF, Johnson PM, Delaunois L (2001) Thoracoscopic resection of pulmonary nodules after computed tomographic-guided coil labeling. Ann Thorac Surg 71: 986–988

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Loscertales Congregado M, Giron Arjona JC, Jimenez Merchan R, Arroyo Tristan A, Arenas Linares C, Ayarra Jarne J, Loscertales J (2002) Usefulness of video-assisted thoracoscopy for the diagnosis of solitary pulmonary nodules. Arch Bronconeumol 38: 415–420

    Google Scholar 

  34. Mack MJ, Hazelrigg SR, Landreneau RJ, Acuff TE (1993) Thoracoscopy for the diagnosis of the indeterminate solitary pulmonary nodule. Ann Thorac Surg 56: 825–830

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Mack MJ, Shennib H, Landreneau RJ, Hazelrigg SR (1993) Techniques for localization of pulmonary nodules for thoracoscopic resection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 106: 550–553

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Matsumoto S, Hirata T, Ogawa E, Fukuse T, Ueda H, Koyama T, Nakamura T, Wada H (2004) Ultrasonographic evaluation of small nodules in the peripheral lung during video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS). Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 26: 469–473

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. McConnell PI, Feola GP, Meyers RL (2002) Methylene blue-stained autologous blood for needle localization and thoracoscopic resection of deep pulmonary nodules. J Pediatr Surg 37: 1729–1731

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Menconi GF, Ambrogi MC, Melfi FM, Dini P, Davini F, Goletti O, Roggi G, Angeletti CA (1998) Endothoracic sonography with color Doppler availability during video assisted thoracic surgery (videothoracoscopic operative staging with ultrasound color Doppler) for lung cancer staging. Surg Endosc 12: 816–819

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Miller JJ (2005) Invited commentary. Ann Thorac Surg 79: 262

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Moon SW, Wang YP, Jo KH, Kwack MS, Kim SW, Kwon OK, Jang HS (1999) Fluoroscopy-aided thoracoscopic resection of pulmonary nodule localized with contrast media. Ann Thorac Surg 68: 1815–1820

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Murasugi M, Onuki T, Ikeda T, Kanzaki M, Nitta S (2001) The role of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery in the diagnosis of the small peripheral pulmonary nodule. Surg Endosc 15: 734–736

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Nomori H, Horio H (1996) Endofinger for tactile localization of pulmonary nodules during thoracoscopic resection. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 44: 50–53

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Nomori H, Horio H (1996) Colored collagen is a long-lasting point marker for small pulmonary nodules in thoracoscopic operations. Ann Thorac Surg 61: 1070–1073

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Nomori H, Horio H, Naruke T, Orikasa H, Yamazaki K, Suemasu K (2002) Use of technetium-99m tin colloid for sentinel lymph node identification in non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 124: 486–492

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Nomori H, Horio H, Naruke T, Suemasu K (2002) Fluoroscopy-assisted thoracoscopic resection of lung nodules marked with lipiodol. Ann Thorac Surg 74: 170–173

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Ohi S, Itoh Y, Neyatani H, Suzuki K, Kazui T (2004) Air embolism following computed tomography-guided lung needle marking; report of a case. Kyobu Geka 57: 421–423

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Ohtsuka T, Furuse A, Kohno T, Nakajima J, Yagyu K, Omata S (1995) Application of a new tactile sensor to thoracoscopic surgery: experimental and clinical study. Ann Thorac Surg 60: 610–613

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Ohtsuka T, Kohno T, Nakajima J, Yagyu K, Furuse A (1997) New tactile sensor techniques for localization of pulmonary nodules. Int Surg 82: 12–14

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Okumura T, Kondo H, Suzuki K, Asamura H, Kobayashi T, Kaneko M, Tsuchiya R (2001) Fluoroscopy-assisted thoracoscopic surgery after computed tomography-guided bronchoscopic barium marking. Ann Thorac Surg 71: 439–442

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Ost D, Fein A (2004) Management strategies for the solitary pulmonary nodule. Curr Opin Pulm Med 10: 272–278

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Ost D, Fein AM, Feinsilver SH (2003) Clinical practice. The solitary pulmonary nodule. N Engl J Med 348: 2535–2542

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Paci M, Annessi V, Giovanardi F, Ferrari G, De Franco S, Casali C, Sgarbi G (2002) Preoperative localization of indeterminate pulmonary nodules before videothoracoscopic resection. Surg Endosc 16: 509–511

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Piolanti M, Coppola F, Papa S, Pilotti V, Mattioli S, Gavelli G (2003) Ultrasonographic localization of occult pulmonary nodules during video-assisted thoracic surgery. Eur Radiol 13: 1358–1364

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Powell TI, Jangra D, Clifton JC, Lara-Guerra H, Church N, English J, Evans K, Yee J, Coxson H, Mayo JR, et al. (2004) Peripheral lung nodules: fluoroscopically guided video-assisted thoracoscopic resection after computed tomography-guided localization using platinum microcoils. Ann Surg 240: 481–488

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Saito H, Minamiya Y, Matsuzaki I, Tozawa K, Taguchi K, Nakagawa T, Hashimoto M, Hirano Y, Ogawa J (2002) Indication for preoperative localization of small peripheral pulmonary nodules in thoracoscopic surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 124: 1198–2202

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Santambrogio L, Nosotti M, Bellaviti N, Pavoni G, Radice F, Caputo V (1997) CT-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology of solitary pulmonary nodules: a prospective, randomized study of immediate cytologic evaluation. Chest 112: 423–425

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Santambrogio R, Montorsi M, Bianchi P, Mantovani A, Ghelma F, Mezzetti M (1999) Intraoperative ultrasound during thoracoscopic procedures for solitary pulmonary nodules. Ann Thorac Surg 68: 218–222

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Sartoris F, Cittadini G, Saitta S, Ratto GB, Scarsi MP, Garlaschi G, Derchi LE (1996) CT-guided needle localization of lung nodules for thoracoscopic resection. Eur Radiol 6: 420–424

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Schwarz CD, Lenglinger F, Eckmayr J, Schauer N, Hartl P, Mayer KH (1994) VATS (video-assisted thoracic surgery) of undefined pulmonary nodules. Preoperative evaluation of videoendoscopic resectability. Chest 106: 1570–1574

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Schwarz RE, Posner MC, Plunkett MB, Ferson PF, Keenan RJ, Landreneau RJ (1995) Needle-localized thoracoscopic resection of indeterminate pulmonary nodules: impact on management of patients with malignant disease. Ann Surg Oncol 2: 49–55

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Shah RM, Spirn PW, Salazar AM, Steiner RM, Cohn HE, Solit RW, Wechsler RJ, Erdman S (1993) Localization of peripheral pulmonary nodules for thoracoscopic excision: value of CT-guided wire placement. Am J Roentgenol 161: 279–283

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Shennib H, Bret P (1993) Intraoperative transthoracic ultrasonographic localization of occult lung lesions. Ann Thorac Surg 55: 767–769

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Shepard JA, Mathisen DJ, Muse VV, Bhalla M, McLoud TC (1994) Needle localization of peripheral lung nodules for video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. Chest 105: 1559–15631

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Sortini A, Benea G, Santini S, Benetti S, Navarra G, Occhionorelli S, Sartori A (1995) Video-assisted atypical resection of peripheral lung nodules localized using CT-guided wires. First clinical experiences. Chir Ital 47: 27–29

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Sortini A, Carcoforo P, Ascanelli S, Sortini D, Pozza E (2001) Significance of a single pulmonary nodule in patients with previous history of malignancy. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 20: 1101–1105

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Sortini A, Carrella G, Sortini D, Pozza E (2002) Single pulmonary nodules: localization with intrathoracoscopic ultrasound. A prospective study. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 22: 440–442

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Sortini A, Sortini D, Pozza E, Carrella G (2003) Intrathorascopic US: usefulness in localization of solitary pulmonary nodules. Radiology 228: 291

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Sortini D, Feo CV, Carcoforo P, Carrella G, Pozza E, Liboni A, Sortini A (2005) Thoracoscopic localization techniques for patients with solitary pulmonary nodule and history of malignancy. A prospective study. Ann Thorac Surg 79: 258–262

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Sortini D, Feo CV, Carrella G, Bergossi L, Soliani G, Carcoforo P, Pozza E, Sortini A (2003) Thoracoscopic localization techniques for patients with single pulmonary nodule and positive oncological anamnesis. A prospective study. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech 13: 371–375

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Sugi K, Kaneda Y, Hirasawa K, Kunitani N (2003) Radioisotope marking under CT guidance and localization using a handheld gamma probe for small or indistinct pulmonary lesions. Chest 124: 155–158

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Suzuki K, Nagai K, Yoshida J, Ohmatsu H, Takahashi K, Nishimura M, Nishiwaki Y (1999) Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for small indeterminate pulmonary nodules: indications for preoperative marking. Chest 115: 563–568

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Swanson SJ, Jaklitsch MT, Mentzer SJ, Bueno R, Lukanich JM, Sugarbaker DJ (1999) Management of the solitary pulmonary nodule: role of thoracoscopy in diagnosis and therapy. Chest 116: 523S–524S

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Tang AW, Moss HA, Robertson RJ (2003) The solitary pulmonary nodule. Eur J Radiol 45: 69–77

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Thaete FL, Peterson MS, Plunkett MB, Ferson PF, Keenan RJ, Landreneau RJ (1999) Computed tomography-guided wire localization of pulmonary lesions before thoracoscopic resection: results in 101 cases. J Thorac Imaging 14: 90–98

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Torre M, Ferraroli GM, Vanzulli A, Fieschi S (2004) A new safe and stable spiral wire needle for thoracoscopic resection of lung nodules. Chest 125: 2289–2293

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Tsuchida M, Yamato Y, Aoki T, Watanabe T, Koizumi N, Emura I, Hayashi J (1999) CT-guided agar marking for localization of nonpalpable peripheral pulmonary lesions. Chest 116: 139–143

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Vandoni RE, Cuttat JF, Wicky S, Suter M (1998) CT-guided methylene-blue labelling before thoracoscopic resection of pulmonary nodules. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 14: 265–270

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Westcott JL, Rao N, Colley DP (1997) Transthoracic needle biopsy of small pulmonary nodules. Radiology 202: 97–103

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Wicky S, Dusmet M, Doenz F, Ris HB, Schnyder P, Portier F (2002) Computed tomography-guided localization of small lung nodules before video-assisted resection: experience with an efficient hook-wire system. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 124: 401–403

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Wicky S, Mayor B, Cuttat JF, Schnyder P (1994) CT-guided localization of pulmonary nodules with methylene blue injections for thoracoscopic resections. Chest 106: 1326–1328

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Wicky S, Mayor B, Schnyder P (1997) Methylene blue localizations of pulmonary nodules under CT-guidance: a new procedure used before thoracoscopic resections. Int Surg 82: 15–17

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Yamamoto M, Takeo F, Meguro F, Ishikawa T (2003) Sonographic evaluation for peripheral pulmonary nodules during video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc 17: 825–827

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Yoshida J, Nagai K, Nishimura M, Takahashi K (1999) Computed tomography-fluoroscopy guided injection of cyanoacrylate to mark a pulmonary nodule for thoracoscopic resection. Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 47: 210–213

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgical, Anaesthesiological, and Radiological Sciences, University of Ferrara, C.so Giovecca 203, 44100, Ferrara, Italy

    D. Sortini, C. Feo, K. Maravegias, P. Carcoforo, E. Pozza, A. Liboni & A. Sortini

Authors
  1. D. Sortini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. C. Feo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. K. Maravegias
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. P. Carcoforo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. E. Pozza
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. A. Liboni
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. A. Sortini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to D. Sortini.

Additional information

Poster presented at the 13th European Association for Endoscopic Surgery (EAES) Congress, Venice, Italy, June 2005

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Sortini, D., Feo, C., Maravegias, K. et al. Intrathoracoscopic localization techniques. Surg Endosc 20, 1341–1347 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-005-0407-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-005-0407-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation