Recognizing k-Clique Extendible Orderings

Abstract

We consider the complexity of recognizing k-clique-extendible graphs (k-C-E graphs) introduced by Spinrad (Efficient Graph Representations, AMS 2003), which are generalizations of comparability graphs. A graph is k-clique-extendible if there is an ordering of the vertices such that whenever two overlapping k-cliques A and B have $k-1$ common vertices, and these common vertices appear between the two vertices $a,b\in (A{\setminus } B)\cup (B{\setminus } A)$ in the ordering, there is an edge between a and b, implying that $A\cup B$ is a $(k+1)$-clique. Such an ordering is said to be a k-C-E ordering. These graphs arise in applications related to modelling preference relations. Recently, it has been shown that a maximum clique in such a graph can be found in $n^{O(k)}$ time [Hamburger et al. 2017] when the ordering is given. When k is 2, such graphs are precisely the well-known class of comparability graphs and when k is 3 they are called triangle-extendible graphs. It has been shown that triangle-extendible graphs appear as induced subgraphs of visibility graphs of simple polygons, and the complexity of recognizing them has been mentioned as an open problem in the literature. While comparability graphs (i.e. 2-C-E graphs) can be recognized in polynomial time, we show that recognizing k-C-E graphs is NP-hard for any fixed $k \ge 3$ and co-NP-hard when k is part of the input. While our NP-hardness reduction for $k \ge 4$ is from the betweenness problem, for $k=3$, our reduction is an intricate one from the 3-colouring problem. We also show that the problems of determining whether a given ordering of the vertices of a graph is a k-C-E ordering, and that of finding a maximum clique in a k-C-E graph, given a k-C-E ordering, are hard for the parameterized complexity classes co-W[1] and W[1] respectively, when parameterized by k. However we show that the former is fixed-parameter tractable when parameterized by the treewidth of the graph. We also show that the dual parameterizations of all the problems that we study are fixed parameter tractable.