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Unleashing the potential of xanthan: a comprehensive exploration of biosynthesis, production, and diverse applications

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Abstract

Employing aerobic fermentation, Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the genus Xanthomonas produce the high molecular weight natural heteropolysaccharide known as xanthan. It has various amounts of O-acetyl and pyruvyl residues together with D-glucosyl, D-mannosyl, and D-glucuronyl acid residues in a molar ratio of 2:2:1. The unique structure of xanthan allowed its various applications in a wide range of industries such as the food industry, pharmacology, cosmetics and enhanced oil recovery primarily in petroleum. The cultivation medium used in the manufacture of this biopolymer is critical. Many attempts have been undertaken to generate xanthan gum from agro-based and food industry wastes since producing xanthan gum from synthetic media is expensive. Optimal composition and processing parameters must also be considered to achieve an economically viable manufacturing process. There have been several attempts to adjust the nutrient content and feeding method, temperature, pH, agitation and the use of antifoam in xanthan fermentations. Various modifications in technological approaches have been applied to enhance its physicochemical properties which showed significant improvement in the area studied. This review describes the biosynthesis production of xanthan with an emphasis on the importance of the upstream processes involving medium, processing parameters, and other factors that significantly contributed to the final application of this precious polysaccharide.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like also to thank the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia through Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS/1/2020/TK0/UTM/02/16), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu and Research Management Center at UTM, Malaysia. Heartfelt appreciation to Dr. Loy Kak Choon, Chew Kuan Lian, Teh Bee Bee, Timmy Chuah Tim Mie and Ong Shying Weei for their support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia

    Ahmad Ramli Rashidi, Nur Izyan Wan Azelee, Dayang Norulfairuz Abang Zaidel, Hesham Ali El Enshasy & Daniel Joe Dailin

  2. Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia

    Ahmad Ramli Rashidi, Nur Izyan Wan Azelee, Hesham Ali El Enshasy & Daniel Joe Dailin

  3. College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Johor, 81750, Masai, Johor, Malaysia

    Ahmad Ramli Rashidi

  4. Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Dayang Norulfairuz Abang Zaidel

  5. Faculty of Maritime Studies, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia

    Lai Fatt Chuah

  6. Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Islamabad, 54000, Pakistan

    Awais Bokhari

  7. Bioprocess Development Department, City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications (SRTA), New Burg Al Arab, Alexandria, Egypt

    Hesham Ali El Enshasy

  8. Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory, SPIL, NETME Centre, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, VUT Brno, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2896/2, 616 00, Brno, Czech Republic

    Awais Bokhari

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  1. Ahmad Ramli Rashidi
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Contributions

Data collection and analysis were performed by [ARR and NIWA]. The first draft of the manuscript was written by [ARR]. The manuscript was reviewed and edited by [DNAZ]. The manuscript was reviewed and edited by [HE-E, LFC and AB]. Funding, supervision and project management were done by [DJD]. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Lai Fatt Chuah or Daniel Joe Dailin.

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Rashidi, A.R., Azelee, N.I.W., Zaidel, D.N.A. et al. Unleashing the potential of xanthan: a comprehensive exploration of biosynthesis, production, and diverse applications. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 46, 771–787 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-023-02870-9

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