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Compressional tectonics and volcanism: the Miocene-Quaternary evolution of the Western Cordillera (24–26°S), Central Andes

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Abstract

Volcanism in compressional tectonic settings presents several unclear relations, especially between faulting, volcano locations, and local stress fields. The Central Andes comprise one of the most important volcanic provinces in the world, where these relations can be studied. We investigate the Miocene-Quaternary faulting and the tectonic stress evolution of the Western Cordillera of Chile, between 24 and 26°S, and how they dictate the orientation of magma feeding fractures, to understand the relations between deformation and volcanism. We calculated 68 new stress tensors from faults of recognized age and reconstructed magma paths by analyzing the morphostructural characteristics of 130 monogenetic and polygenetic volcanoes of known age. Moreover, we integrated the database with previously published data from the Western Cordillera to carry out a regional comparison. Results allow us to recognize three main volcano-tectonic events. The oldest occurred in the Early Miocene and was characterized by an E-W greatest principal stress (σ1) expressed by N-S-striking reverse faults and NW–SE left-lateral strike-slip faults. Volcanoes belonging to this stage show morphometric characteristics that indicate dominant N-S magma feeding systems. The second event, active during the Upper Miocene-Pliocene, was characterized by NW–SE to NNW-SSE σ1, WNW-ESE right-lateral strike-slip faults, and NW–SE preferential direction of volcanic feeding systems. The last event was active in the Upper Pliocene–Pleistocene, mainly in the northern part of the study area, with N-S to NE-SW normal and right-lateral strike-slip faults with NNE-SSW-trending least principal stress (σ3). Volcanism in this stage is characterized by NW–SE and N-S magma feeding systems. Our results suggest that volcano distribution has been mainly controlled by variations of the stress field related to the growth and collapse of the Puna Plateau. Magma emplacement was mainly guided by fractures parallel to the compression direction, irrespectively of the horizontal stress being σ3 or the intermediate principal stress σ2. Anyway, magma emplacement occurred also through fractures oblique to σ1, along strike-slip faults, or by exploitation of inherited weak structures, such as reverse faults.

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledge the useful suggestion on the early version of the manuscripts by Joel Ruch and two anonymous reviewers. This study was funded by the Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (ANID)–PFCHA (Programa Formación de Capital Humano Avanzado) Doctorado Nacional 2019-21191039 and Argentine ANPCyT (PICT-2019-0800). The authors want to thank project CRC 1211 “Earth-Evolution at the dry limits”, specially to Dr. Eduardo Campos, for providing support to field work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos, 0610, Antofagasta, Chile

    Diego Jaldín, K. Luengo & A. Santander

  2. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan Bicocca, Milan, Italy

    A. Tibaldi, F. L. Bonali & E. Russo

  3. IANIGLA, CCT Mendoza, CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina

    L. Giambiagi

  4. Institut Für Geowissenschaften, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany

    D. Espinoza

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  1. Diego Jaldín
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Contributions

Conceptualization: Diego Jaldin, Alessandro Tibaldi; methodology: Diego Jaldin, Daniela Espinoza, Karina Luengo, Alberto Santander; formal analysis and investigation: Diego Jaldin; writing—original draft preparation: Diego Jaldin; writing—review and editing: Alessandro Tibaldi, Fabio Bonali; Laura Giambiagi, Elena Russo.

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Correspondence to Diego Jaldín.

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Editorial responsibility: J. Ruch

This paper constitutes part of a topical collection: Volcanic processes: tectonics, deformation, geodesy, unrest.

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445_2022_1615_MOESM1_ESM.xlsx

Supplementary Table 1. Trend and plunge of each principal strain axis from Linked Bingham Methods (λ1, λ2, and λ3), P and T axis. Strike and Dip of plane of solution from Linked Bingham Methods (Marrett and Allmendinger 1990). T: Thrust, L: Left-lateral, R: Right-Lateral, N: Normal. (XLSX 18 KB)

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Jaldín, D., Tibaldi, A., Bonali, F.L. et al. Compressional tectonics and volcanism: the Miocene-Quaternary evolution of the Western Cordillera (24–26°S), Central Andes. Bull Volcanol 85, 8 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-022-01615-y

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