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Quaternary monogenetic volcanoes in southern China: eruption styles and controlling factors

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Abstract

The Hainan Island-Leizhou Peninsula-Beibu Gulf volcanic field (HLBVF) in southern China (covering an area of over 7000 km2) contains at least 50 cinder cones and 12 maar volcanoes. It is one of a few barely studied volcanic fields of Quaternary age in China. The eruption styles, and controlling factors that led to the formation of this volcanic field, are thus not yet clear. This study provides a first investigation of the general geology of the HLBVF volcanoes as well as preliminary discussion of the controlling factors affecting the eruption styles. Early Pleistocene (> 1 Ma) and/or earlier (Pliocene) volcanic activity mainly occurred in the form of high-flux magmatic eruptions that formed a large amount of thick lava units and/or cinder cones, which have since experienced intense erosion. The late early Pleistocene to late Pleistocene (~ 1.08–0.03 Ma) phreatomagmatism is represented by maar volcanoes and shows that the initial eruptions were commonly phreatomagmatic events but had increasingly magmatic components in later periods, which reflects sustained, but lower magma fluxes than in the early Pleistocene. The Holocene magmatic eruptions (< 10 ka) primarily formed agglutinate, bomb, and lapilli units, as well as lava flows. These deposits were emplaced mainly by pyroclastic fallout from Hawaiian-style eruptions. This work indicates that eruption styles between magmatic and phreatomagmatic eruptions in the HLBVF were not directly related to fluctuations in annual precipitation and magma compositions. Pre-existing NW-trending faults likely controlled the vent locations, and water fed along fault zones might have supported sustained phreatomagmatism, which formed the large maar volcanoes. The fluctuation of magma fluxes, and water supply linked to long-term tropical climate changes, coupled with regional faults, were likely the three main factors that controlled eruption styles in the HLBVF.

摘要

位于中国南方的海南岛-雷州半岛-北部湾火山群 (简称:琼雷北火山群)覆盖面积超过7000 km2, 包括至少50个熔岩渣锥和12个玛珥火山, 是火山地质特征研究程度相对较低的第四纪单成因火山群。琼雷北火山群的主要喷发形式、控制因素以及火山群的成因仍然不甚清楚。本次研究是结合前人研究资料和详细的野外地质调查基础上, 探讨了琼雷北火山群主要喷发形式和控制因素。早更新世 (>1 Ma)或更早时期 (上更新世)以高通量的岩浆喷发活动为主, 形成大面积的熔岩流和熔岩渣锥, 该期火山喷发物遭受了强烈的剥蚀作用。早更新世晚期- 晚更新世 (~ 1.08-0.03 Ma)主要以射气岩浆喷发形成为主, 形成了大量的玛珥火山。研究区内形成玛珥火山的喷发形式为:早期以射气岩浆喷发为主, 晚期逐渐过渡到岩浆喷发或岩浆溢流为主, 反映了持续的低通量岩浆活动(相对于早更新世)。全新世以来(< 10 ka), 本区火山活动以岩浆喷发为主, 形成了火山集块岩、火山弹、火山砾等火山碎屑以及熔岩流, 呈现出类似于“夏威夷式”的火山喷发模式。 本次研究认为, 琼雷北单成因火山群的喷发形式(岩浆喷发或射气岩浆喷发)与气候变化(干湿程度)和岩浆成分无关。 区域上NW走向断层主要控制了火山喷发中心位置, 水沿着断层带迁移, 持续的支撑了射气岩浆喷发活动, 形成了大型玛珥火山。岩浆通量的变化、长期热带气候条件下提供了足量的地下水以及区域断层是控制琼雷北单成因火山群喷发形式的三个主要因素。

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Acknowledgements

The author appreciates Associate Editor Prof. Smellie for making very insightful comments and suggestions for revising the manuscript. My thanks also go to the two anonymous reviewers for their excellent detailed comments and suggestions which were very helpful in improving this manuscript.

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    Yongquan Li

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Li, Y. Quaternary monogenetic volcanoes in southern China: eruption styles and controlling factors. Bull Volcanol 84, 79 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-022-01587-z

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