Abstract
For decades, scaled analog experiments have improved the understanding of a broad range of multiphase volcanological processes in controlled laboratory environments. Successfully modeled processes include magma flow through magma reservoirs, conduits and sheets, associated crustal deformation, lava flow, volcanic plume dynamics, ash cloud dispersion, pyroclast sedimentation, pyroclastic density currents, and debris flows. Prior to the advent of computational modeling in volcanology, analog experiments were the primary method used to test newly developed concepts. Over the past two decades, technological advances have led to increased quantification of model observables, including deformation fields, lava flow rheologies, bubble and particle suspension compositions, runout distances, plume geometries, and rates of ash cloud spreading and sedimentation. For experimental results to yield further insights into volcanic processes and observables directly useful to volcano monitoring efforts, we expect future progress to focus on three major fronts: (1) improved multimethod measurements in experiments; (2) upscaling to near-natural-scale experiments conducted by multidisciplinary teams at internationally shared facilities; and (3) integration with computational models that will guide future geophysical observations and predictions of volcanic activity. This way, analog experiments will bridge gaps between other techniques in volcanology and improve our understanding and forecasting of volcanic activity from the Earth’s mantle to the surface and into the atmosphere.
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References
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Acknowledgements
This work results from an inspiring exchange between SPo and JGi after AGU 2020 session V018. The helpful comments of G. Valentine, an anonymous reviewer, and editors K. Cashman and A. Harris have greatly improved this manuscript.
Funding
SPo was supported through a frs-F.N.R.S. postdoctoral grant at UlB, and now at SRC PAS by a ULAM scholarship (Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange) and Norway Financial Mechanism grant 2020/37/K/ST10/02447 (NCN Poland). JTG was supported through an NSERC Discovery grant to AM Jellinek. ECBP was supported by NSF grant 1852569 (PI: Joe Dufek). SPa was supported by a Royal Society – Newton International Fellowship, number NIF\R1\202137.
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SPo led the writing; all the authors contributed equally. SPa produced Fig. 1, JGi produced Fig. 2, AGr and SPo produced Fig. 3, and JGi produced Table 1 (Appendix) with input from all the authors. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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This paper constitutes part of a topical collection:
Looking Backwards and Forwards in Volcanology: A Collection of Perspectives on the Trajectory of a Science
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Poppe, S., Gilchrist, J.T., Breard, E.C.P. et al. Analog experiments in volcanology: towards multimethod, upscaled, and integrated models. Bull Volcanol 84, 52 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-022-01543-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-022-01543-x