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Decrypting silicic magma/plug fragmentation at Azufral crater lake, Northern Andes: insights from fine to extremely fine ash morpho-chemistry

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Abstract

Azufral (SW Colombia) is a dangerous silicic volcano hosting a crater lake, which serves as an excellent example of an incipient plug disruption through phreatomagmatism. We studied the youngest succession of dilute pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) onlapping the north-eastern crater rim. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was used to carry out an automated single-particle analysis of fine to extremely fine ash. We were able to obtain fast and accurate chemical analysis and imaging of 15,098 particles within the 250–63-μm and the 63–32-μm size ranges. The 2D form and roughness parameters were determined for 4895 juvenile glassy particles and validated by 3D micro-X ray computer tomography. There are two end members of high (group 1) and low (group 2) roughness juvenile glassy particles. Group 1 comprises high-roughness glass particles with solidity values as low as 0.34 in 2D and 0.33 in 3D, and convexity values as low as 0.33 in 2D and 0.26 in 3D. Group 2 comprises low-roughness glass particles with 2D solidity values > 0.79 and 3D solidity values typically > 0.58. In this group, 2D convexity values are > 0.68 and 3D convexity values are > 0.71. Both end members are mostly discriminated by the 2D Concavity Index (0.14 to 0.77 in group 1 vs. 0.05–0.35 in group 2). The remaining group 3 comprises particles of intermediate roughness values. In this study, we show how an incipient plug developed over a short repose time might be subjected to only a few cycles of vesicle nucleation, collapse and densification, retaining the characteristics of juvenile glass. Each glassy juvenile ash type, defined by a particular morphology, roughness and microtexture can be linked to a density “stratified” conduit model. In Azufral, the capping and conduit lining dense regions and the permeable zones of the incipient plug likely cracked. The newly formed cracks could allow hydraulic forcing caused by external water and induce phreatomagmatic interaction. This interaction favoured the fine fragmentation of the plug while enhancing ongoing magmatic processes. Finally, the variations of bulk componentry provided clues on dilute pyroclastic density current transport and physical fractionation processes by secondary fragmentation, elutriation and interaction with the crater rim.

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Acknowledgements

Silvia Castillo, Hector Cepeda, Sergio Sarmiento and Santiago Villamil helped during fieldwork and sieving. Esteban Gaitán designed the protocol for 3D image processing. Dragon Fly staff produced the renders of segmented juvenile particles. Minerlab Ltda. (Bogotá), Ivette Cucubuná (Universidad de Los Andes) and Dettmar dissection Technology GmbH & Co. KG (Germany) prepared thin sections. Dimitri Rouwet (INGV-Bologna, Italy) and Roberto Torres (OVSP-SGC, Pasto, Colombia) contributed with insightful discussions. Finally, we acknowledge the extensive constructive contributions from Dr. Daniela Mele (Universitá degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy), Dr. Adrian Hornby (LMU, Germany) and the Bulletin of Volcanology Associate Editor Dr. Pierre-Simon Ross. Dr. Andrew Harris (Executive Editor of the same journal) carried out the final edits.

Funding

This project was funded by (i) the Universidad de Los Andes through the FAPA grant allocated to N. Pardo; (ii) Banco de la República Project 4308 (Bogotá), through the agreement 201905 between “Fundación para la promoción de la investigación y la tecnología” and Universidad de Los Andes; and (iii) Particle Vision (Switzerland).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departmento de Geociencias, Universidad de Los Andes, cra 1 # 18ª-12, Bogota DC, Colombia

    Natalia Pardo, Jose D. Avellaneda & Mariana Gutiérrez

  2. Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad EAFIT, Cra 49 # 7 Sur-50, Medellin, Colombia

    Jose D. Avellaneda

  3. Particle Vision GmbH, c/o FriUp, Annexe 2, Passage du Cardinal 11, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland

    Juanita Rausch & David Jaramillo-Vogel

  4. Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Ch. Du Musée 6, Fribourg, Switzerland

    Anneleen Foubert

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  1. Natalia Pardo
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  2. Jose D. Avellaneda
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  4. David Jaramillo-Vogel
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  5. Mariana Gutiérrez
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Natalia Pardo.

Additional information

Editorial responsibility: P-S. Ross

Supplementary Information

Online Resource 1.1

Initial Raw Results for particle discrimination: Online Resource 1.1.1. Data acquired by 2D SEM/EDX automated single-particle analysis (n=15,098). Detailed frequency (%) distributions are shown for the bulk (1.1.1), crystal (1.1.2) and glass (1.1.3) componentry. (XLSX 6012 kb)

Online Resource 1.2

Chemically classified heatmap. The resulting bulk chemical composition of each particle is comparable to EPMA data (Castilla et al. 2018) in a ternary diagram. (JPG 2396 kb)

Online Resource 2.1

2D glass morphometry. Online Resource 2.1. Morphometry data for 4,895 glassy juvenile particles. (XLSX 3663 kb)

Online Resource 2.2

Principal Component Analysis of glassy particles, using all parameters listed in Table 1. (JPG 3325 kb)

3D μX-CT results in the 2-3 to 3-4 ϕ size range subsamples of each bed-set c-type bed. Online Resource 3.1. Example videos of rendered high roughness glassy particles (MP4 17034 kb)

(MP4 21075 kb)

(MP4 23683 kb)

Example videos of rendered low roughness glassy particles (MP4 13283 kb)

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Example videos of rendered intermediate roughness glassy particles (MP4 20255 kb)

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Online Resource 3.4.

3D morphometry for 118 (2-3 to 3-4 ϕ sized) particles (49 juveniles), using the 3D-Convex Hull plugin of Sheets et al. (2011). (XLSX 31 kb)

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Pardo, N., Avellaneda, J.D., Rausch, J. et al. Decrypting silicic magma/plug fragmentation at Azufral crater lake, Northern Andes: insights from fine to extremely fine ash morpho-chemistry. Bull Volcanol 82, 79 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-020-01418-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-020-01418-z

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