Abstract
Forest soils and streams receive substantial inputs of detritus from deciduous vegetation. Decay of this material is a critical ecosystem process, recycling nutrients and supporting detrital-based food webs, and has been attributed, in part, to leaf litter species composition. However, research on why speciose leaf litter should degrade differently has relied on a bottom-up approach, embracing interspecific variation in litter chemistry. We hypothesized that preferential feeding by an aquatic detritivore interacts with species-specific leaf palatability and slows decay of speciose leaf litter. We addressed this by offering four single- and mixed-species leaf resources to field densities of a leaf-shredding consumer. Mixing leaf species resulted in slower total leaf decomposition. Decreases in mixed-species decomposition was partly explained by preferential feeding by the consumers in one case, but the lack of preferential feeding in other mixtures suggested an interactive effect of feeding and microbial degradation. Loss of riparian tree biodiversity may have implications for in-stream consumer-resource interactions.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bärlocher F (1985) The role of fungi in the nutrition of stream invertebrates. Bot J Linn Soc 91:83–94
Benfield EF (1996) Leaf breakdown in stream ecosystems. In: Hauer FR, Lamberti GA (eds) Methods in stream ecology. Academic, San Diego, pp 579–589
Bernays EA, Bright KL, Gonzalez N, Angel J (1994) Dietary mixing in a generalist herbivore: tests of two hypotheses. Ecology 75:1997–2006
Bjorndal KA (1991) Diet mixing: nonadditive interactions of diet items in an omnivorous freshwater turtle. Ecology 72:1234–1241
Campbell IC, Fuchshuber L (1995) Polyphenols, condensed tannins, and processing rates of tropical and temperate leaves in an Australian stream. J N Am Benthol Soc 14:174–182
Cebrian J (1999) Patterns and the fate of production in plant communities. Am Nat 154:449–468
Cuffney TF, Wallace JB, Lugthart GJ (1990) Experimental evidence quantifying the role of benthic invertebrates in organic matter dynamics of headwater streams. Freshwater Biol 23:281–299
Cummins KW, Klug MJ (1979) Feeding ecology of stream invertebrates. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 10:147–172
Cummins KW, Wilzbach MA, Gates DM, Perry JB, Taliaferro WB (1989) Shredders and riparian vegetation. BioScience 39:24–30
Dangles O, Chauvet E (2003) Effects of stream acidification on fungal biomass in decaying beech leaves and leaf palatability. Water Res 37:533–538
Dieterich M, Anderson NH, Anderson TM (1997) Shredder-collector interactions in temporary streams of western Oregon. Freshwater Biol 38:387–393
Ellison AM, Bank MS, Barker-Plotkin AA, Clinton BD, Colburn EA, Elliott K, Ford CR, Foster DR, Jefts S, Kloeppel BD, Knoepp JD, Lovett GM, Malloway J, Mathewson B, McDonald R, Mohan J, Orwig DA, Rodenhouse NL, Sobczak WV, Stinson KA, Snow P, Stone JK, Swan CM, Thompson J, Von Holle B, Webster JR (2005) Loss of foundation species: consequences for the structure and dynamics of forested ecosystems. Front Ecol Environ 3:479–486
Evans EW, Stevenson AT, Richards DR (1999) Essential versus alternative foods of insect predators: benefits of a mixed diet. Oecologia 121:107–112
Fisher SG, Likens GE (1973) Energy flow in Bear Brook, New Hampshire: an integrative approach to stream ecosystem metabolism. Ecol Monogr 43:421–439
Freeland WJ, Janzen DH (1974) Strategies in herbivory by mammals: the role of plant secondary compounds. Am Nat 108:269–289
Gartner TB, Cardon ZG (2004) Decomposition dynamics in mixed-species leaf litter. Oikos 104:230–246
Golladay SW , Webster JR, Benfield EF (1983) Factors affecting food utilization by a leaf shredding aquatic insect: leaf species and conditioning time. Holarctic Ecol 6:157–162
Grattan RM, Suberkropp K (2001) Effects of nutrient enrichment on yellow poplar leaf decomposition and fungal activity in streams. J N Am Benthol Soc 20:33–43
Hagele B, Rowell-Rahier M (1999) Dietary mixing in three generalist herbivores: nutrient complementation or toxin dilution. Oecologia 119:521–533
Hall RO Jr, Likens GE, Malcom HM (2001) Trophic basis of invertebrate production in 2 streams at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest. J N Am Benthol Soc 20:432–447
Hättenschwiler S, Gasser P (2005) Soil animals alter plant litter diversity effects on decomposition. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:1519–1524
Herbst GN (1982) Effects of leaf type on the consumption rates of aquatic detritivores. Hydrobiologia 89:77–87
Hieber M, Gessner MO (2002) Contribution of stream detritivores, fungi, and bacteria to leaf breakdown based on biomass estimates. Ecology 83:1026–1038
Hooper DU, Vitousek PM (1997) The effects of plant composition and diversity on ecosystem processes. Science 277:1302–1305
Hoorens B, Aerts R, Stroetenga M (2003) Does initial litter chemistry explain litter mixture effects on decomposition? Oecologia 137:578–586
Irons JG III, Oswood MW, Bryant JP (1988) Consumption of leaf detritus by a stream shredder: influence of tree species and nutrient status. Hydrobiologia 160:53–61
Iversen TM (1974) Ingestion and growth in Sericosoma personatum (Trichoptera) in relation to the nitrogen content of ingested leaves. Oikos 25:278–282
Johnson SL, Covich AP (1997) Scales of observation of riparian forests and distributions of suspended detritus is a prairie river. Freshwater Biol 37:163–175
McNaughton SJ, Osterfield M, Frank DA, Williams KJ (1989) Ecosystem level patterns of primary productivity and herbivory in terrestrial habitats. Nature 341:142–144
Ostrofsky ML (1997) Relationship between chemical characteristics of autumn-shed leaves and aquatic processing rates. J N Am Benthol Soc 16:750–759
Paul MJ, Meyer JL (2001) Streams in the urban landscape. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 32:333–365
Petersen RC, Cummins KW (1974) Leaf processing in a woodland stream. Freshwater Biol 4:343–368
Pulliam HR (1975) Diet optimization with nutrient constraints. Am Nat 109:765–768
Rapport DJ (1980) Optimal foraging for complimentary resources. Am Nat 116:324–346
Ribblet SG, Palmer MA, Coats DW (2005) The importance of bacterivorous protists in the decomposition of stream leaf litter. Freshwater Biol 50:516–526
Shepard RB, Minshall GW (1984) Role of benthic insect feces in a rocky mountain stream: fecal production and support of consumer growth. Holarctic Ecol 7:119–127
Smock LA, MacGregor CM (1988) Impact of the American chestnut blight on aquatic shredding macroinvertebrates. J N Am Benthol Soc 7:212–221
Snyder CD, Young JA, Lemarié DP, Smith DR (2002) Influence of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) forests on aquatic invertebrate assemblages in headwater streams. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 59:232–275
Sokal RR, Rohlf FJ (1981) Biometry, 2nd edn. W.H. Freeman, New York
Sponseller RA, Benfield EF (2001) Influences of land-use on leaf breakdown in southern Appalachian headwater streams: a multiple-scale analysis. J N Am Benthol Soc 20:44–59
Swan CM, Palmer MA (2004) Leaf diversity alters litter breakdown in a Piedmont stream. J N Am Benthol Soc 23:15–28
Swan CM, Palmer MA (2005) Leaf litter diversity leads to non-additivity in stream detritivore colonization dynamics. Oceanol Hydrobiol Stud 34:19–38
Swan CM, Palmer MA (2006) Composition of speciose leaf litter alters stream detritivore growth, feeding activity and leaf breakdown. Oecologia 147:469–478
Sweeney BW (1993) Effects of streamside vegetation on macroinvertebrate communities of White Clay Creek in eastern North America. Proc Acad Natl Sci Philadelphia 144:291–340
Tillman DC, Moerke AH, Ziehl CL, Lamberti GA (2003) Subsurface hydrology and degree of burial affect mass loss and invertebrate colonisation of leaves in a woodland stream. Freshwater Biol 48:98–107
Tilman D, Knops D, Wedin J (1996) Productivity and sustainability influenced by biodiversity in grassland systems. Nature 379:718–720
Tuchman NC, Wetzel RC, Rier ST, Wahtera KA, Teeri JA (2002) Elevated atmospheric CO2 lowers leaf litter nutritional quality for stream ecosystem food webs. Glob Change Biol 8:163–170
Wallace JB, Webster JR, Cuffney TF (1982) Stream detritus dynamics: regulation by invertebrate consumers. Oecologia 53:197–200
Wallace JB, Eggert SL, Meyer JL, Webster JR (1997) Multiple trophic levels of a forest stream linked to terrestrial litter inputs. Science 277:102–104
Wallace JB, Eggert SL, Meyer JL, Webster JR (1999) Effects of resource limitation on a detrital-based ecosystem. Ecol Monogr 69:409–442
Wardle DA, Bonner KI, Nicholson KS (1997) Biodiversity and plant litter: experimental evidence which does not support the view that enhanced species richness improves ecosystem function. Oikos 79:247–258
Webster JR, Benfield EF (1986) Vascular plant breakdown in freshwater ecosystems. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 17:567–594
Westfall PH, Tobias RD, Rom D, Wolfinger RD, Hochberg Y (1999) Concepts and basic methods for multiple comparisons and tests. In: Multiple comparisons and multiple tests using the SAS system. SAS Institute, pp 13–40
Williams WD (1972) Freshwater isopods (Assellidae) of North America. Biota of freshwater ecosystems identification manual no. 7. U.S.E.P.A
Acknowledgements
We thank Robert Denno, Laura Craig, Holly Menninger, Aaron Moore, Dave Richardson, John Richardson, Bob Smith and Gina Wimp for their comments and editing. Comments from Steve Kohler and two anonymous reviewers greatly improved the text. This research was supported by grants awarded to C.M.S. from the Chesapeake Bay Fund (University of Maryland) and to M.A.P. from the National Science Foundation (DEB-9981376).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by Steven Kohler
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Swan, C.M., Palmer, M.A. Preferential feeding by an aquatic consumer mediates non-additive decomposition of speciose leaf litter. Oecologia 149, 107–114 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-006-0436-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-006-0436-x