Abstract
Anopheles baimaii (Diptera: Culicidae) significantly contributes to the transmission of parasites causing malaria in Southeast Asia and South Asia. This study examined the morphological (wing shape) and molecular (mitochondrial gene) variations of An. baimaii in four of Thailand’s border islands, and also investigated the presence of Plasmodium parasites in these mosquitoes. No Plasmodium infections were detected in the samples. Significant differences in wing shape were observed in most island populations (p < 0.05). A single-linkage tree, constructed using Mahalanobis distances, clustered the populations into two groups based on geographical locations. Genetic variation in An. baimaii was also analyzed through cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences. This analysis identified 22 segregating sites and a low nucleotide diversity of 0.004. Furthermore, 18 distinct haplotypes were identified, indicating a high haplotype diversity of 0.825. Neutrality tests for the overall population revealed a significantly negative Fu’s Fs value (-5.029), indicating a population expansion. In contrast, Tajima’s D yielded a negative value (-1.028) that did not reach statistical significance. The mismatch distribution analysis exhibited a bimodal pattern, and the raggedness index was 0.068, showing no significant discrepancy (p = 0.485) between observed and expected distributions. Pairwise genetic differentiation assessments demonstrated significant differences between all populations (p < 0.05). These findings provide valuable insights into the COI gene and wing morphometric variations in An. baimaii across Thailand's islands, offering critical information for understanding the adaptations of this malaria vector and guiding future comprehensive research.
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Data availability
Seventy-two mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene sequences of Anopheles baimaii have been uploaded to the GenBank Database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ nuccore) and are available under the accession numbers OR794397 to OR794468.
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The research facilities were supported by Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Bangkok, Thailand. The authors wish to extend their sincere gratitude to the staff of the Center for Vector Disease Control 11.5 in Ranong, Thailand, for their assistance and coordination in the collection of mosquito samples on the island for this study.
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This work was supported by the National Research Council of Thailand under grant number N25A650727.
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Sedthapong Laojun: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, investigation, writing original draft, writing review and editing, visualization; Tanasak Changbunjong: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, writing – original draft, writing review and editing, visualization; Tanawat Chaiphongpachara: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, investigation, writing original draft, writing review and editing, visualization, supervision.
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The research protocol, encompassing mosquito collection and animal experimental procedures, was subjected to review and approved by the Animal Ethical Committee of Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University in Bangkok, Thailand. This approval was granted under the application number IACUC 65–003/2022.
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Laojun, S., Changbunjong, T. & Chaiphongpachara, T. Insights into the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mt-COI) gene and wing morphometrics of Anopheles baimaii (Diptera: Culicidae) in malaria-endemic islands of Thailand. Parasitol Res 123, 171 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-024-08195-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-024-08195-0