Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the effect of habitat heterogeneity, elevation gradient, and phylogenetic distance of host species on the abundance and richness of anuran endoparasites, assuming that parasites follow the distribution of their hosts independently of environmental variation. We collected 192 anurans distributed in three altitude ranges: 100–200 m, 400–500 m, and 700–800 m. We performed discriminant principal component analysis to analyze the interrelationships between environmental heterogeneity and the distribution of parasite and host species in the formation of species groups in each altitude range. We estimated the niche width and parasite overlap, using host species as a variable, and assessed whether parasite abundance is more influenced by historical (distance host phylogeny) or ecological effects in each altitude category and overall. Finally, we use network analyses to understand how interactions between parasites and hosts are formed along the altitude gradient. We found 22 parasite species, and the overall prevalence of infection was 74%. In our study, we did not identify environmental (altitude gradients and heterogeneity) or phylogenetic effects acting on the parasite species diversity. Overall, our results suggest that the parasites are distributed following the dispersal of their hosts and are dispersed among most anuran species.
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We would like to acknowledge Samuel Cardozo Ribeiro, Matheus Calixto, Rafael Ramos and Átilas Rodrigues for help in the process of the analyzed material.
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This work was supported by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) for the scholarship granted to C.R.O. [grant numbers: 88882.454307/2019-01]; and the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for granting research grants to R.W.A. and D.M.B.N. [grant numbers: 305988/2018-2 and 307722/2021-0; 309617/2012-0 and 311961/2016-9].
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Cicero Ricardo de Oliveira and Elvis Franklin Fernandes de Carvalho collected and analyzed the data and material; Elvis Franklin Fernandes de Carvalho and José Guilherme Gonçalves-Sousa performed the statistics; Cicero Ricardo de Oliveira prepared the figures; Robson Waldemar Ávila and Diva Maria Borges-Nojosa revised the manuscript text. All authors participated in the writing of the main text.
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de Oliveira, C.R., Gonçalves-Sousa, J.G., de Carvalho, E.F.F. et al. Effect of altitude and spatial heterogeneity on the host-parasite relationship in anurans from a remnant humid forest in the brazilian semiarid. Parasitol Res 122, 2651–2666 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-023-07965-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-023-07965-6