Abstract
Acarapis woodi (Rennie 1921) (Acari: Tarsonemidae) is one of the mites that settles in the respiratory system of honeybees (Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera, Apidae)) and distributed throughout the world. It causes significant economic losses on honey production. In Türkiye, studies on the existence of A. woodi are very limited and so far, no studies on the molecular diagnosis and phylogenetic of it have been reported in Türkiye. This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of A. woodi in Türkiye, especially in areas where beekeeping is intense. Diagnosis of A. woodi was performed using both microscopic and molecular methods using specific PCR primers. Adult honeybee samples were collected from 1.193 hives in 40 provinces of Türkiye between 2018 and 2019. Based on identification studies, the presence of A. woodi was detected in a total of 3 hives (0.5%) in 2018 and 4 hives (0.7%) in 2019. This is the first report for determination of A. woodi in Türkiye.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.
Code availability
Not applicable.
References
Ahn AJ, Ahn KS, Noh JH et al (2015) Molecular prevalence of Acarapis mite infestations in honey bees in Korea. Korean J Parasitol 53:315–320. https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.3.315
Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W et al (1990) Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol 215:403–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-2836(05)80360-2
Bacandritsos NK, Saitanis CJ (2004) A field study on the long-term incidence of Acarapis woodi in Greece. J Apic Res 43:21–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2004.11101104
Başar E (1990) Ülkemizdeki bal arılarında (Apis mellifera) Acarapis woodi ve Nosema apis parazitlerinin araştırılması. Master's Thesis, Hacettepe University, p 60
Beyazıt A, Akkoca N, Eski İzmirliler et al (2012) Ege bölgesi illerinde önemli arı hastalıklarının yaygınlığının araştırılması, Hayvan Sağlığı Program Değerlendirme Kitapçığı, Antalya, p 366
Cakmak I, Aydin L, Gulegen E et al (2003) Varroa (Varroa destructor) and tracheal mite (Acarapis woodi) incidence in the Republic of Turkey. J Apic Res 42:57–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2003.11101093
Cepero A, Martín-Hernández R, Prieto L et al (2015) Is Acarapis woodi a single species? A new PCR protocol to evaluate its prevalence. Parasitol Res 114:651–658. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-014-4229-6
Colin ME, Faucon JP, Giauffret A et al (1979) A new technique for the diagnosis of acarine infestation in honeybees. J Apic Res 18(3):222–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.1979.11099973
Delfinado-Baker M, Baker EW (1982) Notes on honey bee mites of the genus Acarapis Hirst (Acari: Tarsonemidae). Int J Acarol 8:211–226. https://doi.org/10.1080/01647958208683299
Durán N, Piskulich PH, Aldea P (2019) Prevalence of the tracheal mite Acarapis woodi (Rennie) in Chile. Cienc Investig Agrar 46:295–301. https://doi.org/10.7764/rcia.v46i3.1991
Eckert JE (1961) Acarapis mites of the honey bee, Apis mellifera Linnaeus. J Insect Pathol 3:409–425
Evans JD, Pettis JS, Smith IB (2007) A diagnostic genetic test for the honey bee tracheal mite, Acarapis woodi. J Apic Res 46:195–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2007.11101392
Fernández PG (1999) Acarapidosis or tracheal acariosis. In: Colin ME, Ball BV, Kilani M (eds) Bee disease diagnosis. Zaragoza: CIHEAM, (Options Méditerranéennes: Série B. Etudes et Recherches; n. 25), pp 107–115. https://om.ciheam.org/om/pdf/b25/99600241.pdf. Accessed 1 Nov 2022
Garrido-Bailón E, Bartolomé C, Prieto L et al (2012) The prevalence of Acarapis woodi in Spanish honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies. Exp Parasitol 132:530–536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2012.08.018
Girişgin AO (2021) Bal Arılarında Acarapis woodi (trake akarı) enfestasyonları. In: Doğanay A, Aydın L (eds), Bal arısı yetiştiriciliği, ürünleri, sağlığı. Dora Basım Yayın Dağıtım Ltd.Şti. Osmangazi, Bursa, pp 264–267
Hall T (1999) BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symp Ser 41:95–98
Hebert PD, Cywinska A, Ball SL, deWaard JR (2003a) Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proc Biol Sci 270(1512):313–321. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2218
Hebert PD, Ratnasingham S, deWaard JR (2003) b) Barcoding animal life: cytochrome c oxidase subunit I divergences among closely related species. Proc Biol Sci 270(Suppl 1):S96–S99. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2003.0025
Ibay LA, Burgett DM (1989) Biology of the two external Acarapis species of honey bees: Acarapis dorsalis Morgenthaler and Acarapis externus Morgenthaler. Masters Thesis p 57. https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/concern/graduate_thesis_or_dissertations/ht24wn90. Accessed 1 Nov 2022
Keskin N, Özkırım A, Çicek H (2006) Moleküler ve mikroskobik tekniklerle Apis mellifera L.’de Acarapis woodi’nin taranması. Tübitak-Tovag, Proje No: VHAG-1972
Korpela S (2002) Honey bee tracheal mite in Finland: population dynamics, natural transmission between apiaries and impacts of introduction via bee trade. In: Jones R (ed) Proceedings of the bees without frontiers: 6th European Bee Conference in Cardiff, Cardiff, UK, 1–5 July 2002, pp 66–72
Lorenzen K, Gary NE (1986) Modified dissection technique for diagnosis of tracheal mites (Acari: Tarsonemidae) in honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). J Econ Entomol 79:1401–1403. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/79.5.1401
Milne PS (1948) Acarine disease of bees. J UK Minist Agri Fish 54:473–477
Mozes-Koch R, Gerson U (1997) Guanine visualization: a new method for diagnosing tracheal mite infestation of honey bees. Apidologie 28:3–9. https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:19970101
OIE (2018) Acarapisosis of honey bees (infestation of honey bees with Acarapis woodi). PhysicsWeb. https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/fr/Health_standards/tahm/3.02.01_ACARAPISOSIS.pdf. Accessed 12 February 2021
Otis GW, Bath JB, Randall DL et al (1988) Studies of the honey bee tracheal mite (Acarapis woodi) (Acari: Tarsonemidae) during winter. Can J Zool 66:2122–2127. https://doi.org/10.1139/z88-315
Öztürk SH, Umur Ş, Yılmaz F et al (2016) Türkiye’de bulaşması muhtemel illere ait bal arılarında trake akarı varlığının araştırılması. Arıcılık Araştırma Dergisi, 8:1–4. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/aader/issue/33693/373513
Pietropaoli M, Tofani S, Formato G (2022) Molecular detection of Acarapis woodi using hive debris as innovative and non-invasive matrix. Appl Sci 12:2837. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12062837
Rennie J (1921) Isle of Wight disease in hive bees - Acarine disease: The organism associated with the disease Tarsonemus woodi, n. sp. Earth Environ Sci Trans R Soc Edinb 52:768–779. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0080456800016008
Ritter W (1996) Diagnostik und Bekämpfung der Bienenkrankheiten (Diagnosis and control of bee diseases). Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, Stuttgart, Germany
Sammataro D, De Guzman L, George S et al (2013) Standard methods for tracheal mite research. J Apic Res 52:1–20. https://doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.52.4.20
Shaw FR, Fischang WJ, Balboni ER et al (1961) External mites on honey bees in the US. Glean Bee Cult 89(402–403):447
Şimşek H (2005) An investigation on some parasitic and fungal diseases in honey bee in Elazığ. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg 52:123–126. https://doi.org/10.1501/Vetfak_0000000030
Tamura K, Stecher G, Peterson D et al (2013) MEGA6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. Mol Biol Evol 30:2725–2729. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst197
TÜİK (2019) Hayvansal üretim istatistikleri. PhysicsWeb. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Hayvansal-Uretim-Istatistikleri-2019-33873. Accessed 12 February 2021
Wilson WT, Pettis JS, Henderson CE et al (1997) Tracheal mites. In: Morse R, Blottum K (eds). Honey bee pests, predators and disease. 3 rd edn. A.I. Root Company, Medina (Ohio), USA, pp. 255–277
Yalçınkaya A (2008) The investigation of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) for microbial and parasitic diseases in Hatay and Adana regions. Masters Thesis, Hacettepe University, p 118
Acknowledgements
We gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies and the General Directorate of Food Control under the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of the Republic of Türkiye.
Funding
This study was financially supported by the Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies and General Directorate of Food Control. Project number TAGEM/HSGYAD/G/18/A5/P3/736.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
RKA, SK, ŞAK and AB designed the research; RKA, SK, ŞÖT, CA, ŞAK, AB and IA: Microscopic analyzes were performed, RKA, SNÇ, GG, BK and MY: PCR analyzes were performed, ES and AS: analyzes were performed. RKA, AS and ES: reviewed the final version of the manuscript. All authors have reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethics approval
There is no animal or human study requires ethics permission.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent to publish
Not applicable.
Conflict of interest
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Additional information
Section Editor: Boris Krasnov
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Akpınar, R.K., Sevim, A., Sevim, E. et al. PCR-based detection of the honeybee tracheal mite (Acarapis woodi) in Türkiye. Parasitol Res 122, 1663–1670 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-023-07871-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-023-07871-x