Introduction

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic disease of the species Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l) in humans and herbivorous animals and causes public health problems in many parts of Europe, including Turkey, as well as Middle East, Central Asia, Northern and Eastern Africa, Australia, and South America (Eckert et al. 2001; Sadjjadi 2006; Galeh et al. 2018). E. granulosus causes an accidental human infection; adult tapeworms are found in the intestines of canines (dog, wolf); the larval cyst stage is present in the viscera of herbivores (sheep, cattle, horse, deer, pig, camel) (King 2005). Transmission to human occurs via the fecal-oral route (Tamarozzi et al. 2020).

Clinical symptoms in CE can vary according to the size, location, and condition of the cyst (Erdoğan et al. 2017). When cysts are ruptured, fever, urticaria, anaphylactic shock, and death can be observed. Diagnosis is made by clinical findings, radiological imaging techniques, serological, and molecular microbiological methods (King 2005).

E. granulosus s.l includes a number of genetic variants. According to recent findings, E. granulosus s.l has been split into E. granulosus sensu stricto (G1–G3 genotypes), E. equinus (G4 genotype), E. ortleppi (G5 genotype), E. Canadensis cluster (G6/7, G8, G10), and Echinococcus felidis (Casulli et al. 2019, Knapp et al. 2015; Nakao et al. 2013). E. granulosus s.s. (G1 genotype) has the most wide geographic distribution around the world and also dominant in the Mediterranean area (Varcasia et al. 2007; Busi et al. 2007). Genetic variations may determine the life-cycle pattern phenotypic characteristics, host specificity, antigenicity, transmission dynamics, infection route, sensitivity to antimicrobial agents and vaccine development strategies, epidemiology, and control of echinococcosis (Thompson and Mc Manus 2001). From Turkey, CE has been reported in intermediate hosts such as, sheep, cattle, goats, water buffaloes, mouflon, horse, and pigs (Simsek et al. 2011; Utuk and Simsek 2013; Umur 2003; Yildiz and Gurcan 2003; Yildiz and Tunçer 2005; Esatgil and Tuzer 2007; Kose and Sevimli 2008).

Determination of species is important in control programs because of variations in the period of egg production in some strains (Eryıldız and Sakru 2012). CE is endemic in Turkey, but molecular data of E. granulosus s.l infecting humans and animals are still limited some of areas where the local population is in close contact with dogs and livestock. The aim of this study molecularly identifies E. granulosus s.l isolates from hydatid cyst material of different intermediate/aberrant hosts (humans and livestock animals) in Konya province, Turkey.

Material and methods

Sample collection

Hydatid cyst samples were collected from 60 cattle from slaughterhouse in Konya province of Turkey. In the slaughtered centers, internal organs (primarily liver and lung) were checked by palpation and inspection to collect hydatid cyst material from animals. After examinations, cyst contents were collected from the organs to the tubes by aspirating with thick-tipped, sterile injectors. A total of 26 patients who received percutaneous treatment or surgery from March 2018 to June 2019 were included in this study. All the patients were originated from Konya, Turkey.

Direct microscopy

Hydatid cyst fluids were centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 15 min in order to precipitate the protoscoleces in cyst fluid. After centrifugation, 100-μl pellet was transferred to the slide and was examined under a light microscope at × 40 objective. Samples with hook or protoscoleces in microscopy were accepted as fertile.

DNA isolation, amplification, sequencing, and analyses

The genomic DNA was extracted from pellet of hydatid fluid using the Thermo Blood and Tissue DNA Extraction Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The obtained DNA was used as a template for an 880-bp part of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox 1) mitochondrial gene amplification as previously described (Nakao et al. 2010). After amplification, all the products were performed electrophoresis in 1.5% agarose gels and visualized under ultraviolet light. All positive amplicons were identified via sequencing.

FinchTV 1.4.0 (Geospiza Inc., Seattle, WA, USA) was used for analyzing sequencing data. The obtained sequences were examined by BLAST for comparing with present sequences in the NCBI database. Additionally, sequences were analyzed as explained previously by Boufana et al. (2014). Concisely, sequences were aligned in Mega version 7 (Tamura et al., 2013) and ClustalX (Larkin et al., 2007). Hapview was performed to generate haplotype network (Salzburger et al., 2011).

Ethical considerations

The study protocol followed ethical guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. An informed consent that explained the purposes, benefits, and risks of the study was signed by the patients. Ethical approval has been provided by the Ethics Committee from the Faculty of Medicine, Selçuk University (21/02/2018 – 2018/62).

Results

In the present study, a total of 60 hydatid cysts retrieved from cattle and 26 hydatid cysts originated from human were investigated. Seventy-five percent (45/60) of the cysts that belong to cattle have been found in the liver; 25% (15/60) of them were located in the lungs. There is no mixed infection in cattle. According to microscopic examination, 90% (54/60) of examined cysts were identified as fertile; the rest of them were as non-fertile. Among 54 fertile cysts, 77.8% (42/54) and 22.2% (12/54) were located in the liver and the lungs, respectively.

A total of 26 human originated cysts were examined under light microscopy. As a result, 69.2% (18/26) of cysts were found to be positive in terms of protoscoleces presence.

According to cox 1 amplification results, 95% (57/60) of cysts belong to cattle and 100% (26/26) of cysts that originated from human were evaluated as positive. Three PCR-negative cattle isolates are classified as non-fertile. All positive amplicons were characterized via sequencing. All the products were confirmed by the BLAST algorithm as E. granulosus s.l. A total of 82 isolates were identified as E. granulosus s.s. and one isolate as E. equinus (G4 genotype). The obtained sequence of E. equinus is submitted to GenBank (accession number: MT621047). As a result of the haplotype analysis, it was determined that there are 33 haplotypes with high genetic diversity (Hd 0.926 ± 0.00035) (Fig. 1). The main haplotype cluster was 99.14% identical to E. granulosus s.s. (accession no. AB491446). The other dominant haplotype cluster was 100% identical to E. granulosus s.s. (accession no. AB491414). Additionally, a phylogenetic tree was constructed using with some reference sequences (Supplementary Figure).

Fig. 1
figure 1

Haplotype network constructed using partial sequences of the cox 1 gene of Echinococcus granulosus s.s. belong to human and cattle from Turkey

Full size image

Discussion

In this study, the molecular characterization of E. granulosus s.l is investigated in infected intermediate hosts including humans and cattle from Konya, Turkey. Molecular diversity was sought via cox 1 mitochondrial gene amplification and sequencing. As a result, all the isolates collected in this study were confirmed by BLAST algorithm as E. granulosus s.l. From Turkey, there are several reports on molecular characterization of E. granulosus s.l isolates from various intermediate hosts (Schneider et al. 2008; Utuk et al. 2008; Snabel et al. 2009; Ergin et al. 2010; Simsek et al. 2011; Utuk and Simsek 2013; Bakal et al. 2015; Eroglu et al. 2016; Orsten et al. 2018; Kurt et al. 2020; Örsten et al. 2020). These studies showed that E. granulosus s.s. (genotypes G1–G3) is the predominant species obtained from hydatid materials in Turkey. Our findings are consistent with previous studies. Among 83 isolates included in this study, 82 were confirmed as E. granulosus s.s. (G1–G3 genotypes). Although E. canadensis (G7 genotype) was not detected in this study, it had been reported in human host from Izmir Province in the Aegean region (Snabel et al. 2009) and Edirne in the Thrace region (Eryıldız et al. 2012). In the recent study, E. canadensis (G6 genotype) was reported in sheep from Elazığ (Mehmood S et al. 2020)

As a result of the analyses, it has been observed that sheep and cattle have the same haplotypes with humans. This result revealed the importance of sheep and cattle in autochthonous transmission (Orsten et al. 2018). Consistent with this assessment, some haplotypes were found to be common for human- and cattle-derived isolates in this study. These results confirmed that cattle are involved in autochthonous transmission in Turkey. Sheep are accepted as the most important intermediate host for continuity of the life cycle of E. granulosus s.s. (Deplazes et al. 2017). Whereas several studies are reported that sheep-derived cysts showed high fertility and viability, cattle-derived cysts are generally sterile (Abiyot et al. 2011; Fikire et al. 2012). A study from Turkey reported the fertility rates of hydatid cysts from sheep as 81.53 and 76.47% for liver and lung cysts, respectively (Yildiz and Gurcan 2003). Although there are studies about the spread of hydatid cysts found in cattle in Turkey, a limited number of publications investigated the fertility of hydatid cysts in cattle. Hydatid cysts derived from cattle showed lower cyst fertility as 6.6% in Kırıkkale (Yildiz and Tunçer 2005), 5.42% in Afyonkarahisar (Kose et al. 2008). In the present study, fertility rates of cysts that belong to cattle were quite higher as 93.3 and 80% for liver and lung cysts, respectively. There is conflicting reports on fertility rates in cattle from European countries (Umhang et al. 2014a, 2014b; Chihai et al. 2016; Founta et al 2016). This may indicate that cattle also contribute to the cycle of E. granulosus s.s. (Cardona and Carmena 2013).

According to published data, E. granulosus s.s. (G1–G3 genotypes) is the most common species of 88.44% of the human CE cases in worldwide. The following genotypes are G6/G7 cluster (E. canadensis) with 11.07% (Alvarez Rojas et al. 2014). The obtained results in this study are consistent with previous findings. In detail, among 26 human-derived hydatid cyst, 25 were characterized as E. granulosus s.s. (G1–G3 genotype). One isolate belonging to a human host was identified as Echinococcus equinus (G4 genotype).

E. equinus had been characterized as a distinct subspecies of E. granulosus due to its morphological and epidemiological differences from sheep strains (Williams and Sweatman 1963). Subsequent studies have confirmed that biological differences between horse originated isolates and others (Kumaratilake et al. 1986; Smyth 1977). Before three decades, this distinction has been confirmed via partial sequencing of cox 1 gene from three hydatid cyst isolates from horses (the UK and Spain) and a donkey (Ireland) (Bowles et al. 1992). Today, there are a lot of reports indicating the presence of E. equinus from different intermediate hosts worldwide (Thompson and McManus 2002; Boufana et al. 2012). E. equinus have been detected from mule and donkey according to reports from Turkey (Simsek and Cevik 2014; Kesik et al. 2019). Although according to Ponce et al., E. equinus is usually developed into sterile small cysts in the intermediate hosts; other studies report a quite high rate of fertility and well-developed hydatid cysts (Ponce Gordo and Cuesta 1998; Varcasia et al. 2008; Simsek and Cevik 2014).

To date, E. equinus is accepted as specific to Equidae family. However, there is a study conducted on molecular characterization of E. granulosus s.l with the PCR-RFLP technique and reported E. equinus from the human host for the first time (Nakao et al. 2013; Romig et al. 2017). This study is the first report of human-derived hydatid cyst isolate as E. equinus from Turkey. Clinical findings of our patient are recorded; abdominal ultrasonography and computed tomography revealed 3 cystic lesions with stretched borders. Two of these cysts were Gharbi type 3 with the size of 5 and 6 cm in diameter. Third cyst was Gharbi type 1 with the size of 3 cm in diameter. The patient was treated with PAIR (puncture, aspiration, injection, and reaspiration) and percutaneous catheterization techniques. Patient was given orally albendazol with the dose of 10 mg/kg per day for 3 weeks before treatment session. Treatment procedure was performed under sedation with midazolam (0.3 mg/kg) and phentanyl (50 μg). Follow-up ultrasonography examinations were performed at 1, 6, and 12 months after treatment. Lesions were totally cured and recurrence was not observed. The hemagglutination inhibition test for hydatidosis is found to be positive. The cyst is found to be sterile after microscopic examination. Despite there is evidence that E. equinus is in circulation in Turkey (Simsek and Cevik 2014; Kesik et al. 2019), we are not able to definite comment on how transmission occurs. Based on previous findings, dogs may get E. equinus infection from hydatid cysts that belongs to equids via unregulated slaughter (Boufana et al 2015). Although these findings are not sufficient to make an inference by oneself, they will be a source for further studies.

Conclusion

In conclusion, we investigated molecular identification of hydatid isolates originated from cattle and human from Konya province in Turkey. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first report on the molecular confirmation of E. equinus via the sequencing of hydatid material derived from the human host in Turkey and second report in worldwide. Previous reports on E. equinus in intermediate hosts and our finding indicate that this species is circulating in Turkey. Further studies on the molecular epidemiology of cystic echinococcosis in Turkey are needed.