Abstract
The use of acaricides had limited efficacy in reducing tick infestations and is often accompanied by serious drawbacks, including the selection of acaricide resistant ticks, contamination of environment, and milk and meat products with drug residues. The present study was based on assessments of the antiparasitic activities to determine the efficacy of synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) utilizing aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum canum Sims (Labiatae) against the larvae of Hyalomma anatolicum (a.) anatolicum Koch, 1844 and Hyalomma marginatum (m.) isaaci Sharif, 1928 (Acari: Ixodidae). The synthesized AgNPs results were recorded from UV–vis spectrum, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis. The production of the AgNPs synthesized from the leaf extract of O. canum was evaluated through UV–visible spectrophotometer in a range of wavelength from 300 to 600 nm. This revealed a peak at 426 nm in leaf extracts of O. canum, indicating the production of AgNPs. The XRD spectrum compared with the standard confirmed spectrum of silver particles formed in the present experiments were in the form of nanocrystals, as evidenced by the peaks at 2θ values of 27.71°, 32.16°, 38.08°, 46.15°, 54.70° and 57.35°. The FTIR spectra of AgNPs exhibited prominent peaks at 818, 1,045, 1,381 and 1,616 in the region 500–3,000 cm−1. The peaks correspond to the presence of a C–H vibration of the aromatic ring, stretch vibration of C–O, carbonyl groups and flavanones. SEM analyses of the synthesized AgNPs were clearly distinguishable, which measured 25–110 nm in size. It is clear that the rod and cylindrical structures have an average size of 95 nm. The EDX spectra showed the purity of the material and the complete chemical composition of the synthesized AgNPs. Parasite larvae were exposed to varying concentrations of aqueous leaf extract of O. canum and synthesized AgNPs for 24 h. The acaricidal activities of aqueous crude leaf extracts of O. canum against the larvae of H. a. anatolicum and H. m. isaaci have LC50 and LC90 values of 15.31 and 13.85 mg/L, and 62.41 and 48.86 mg/L, respectively. The efficacies of 1 mM AgNO3 solution against H. a. anatolicum and H. m. isaaci were LC50 = 12.25 and 12.17 mg/L, LC90 = 49.17 and 46.52 mg/L, respectively, and the maximum efficacy was observed in the synthesized AgNPs against H. a. anatolicum and H. m. isaaci with LC50 and LC90 values of 0.78 and 1.00 mg/L, and 1.51 and 1.68 mg/L, respectively. This method is considered as an innovative alternative approach to control parasites.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abbott WS (1925) A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J Econ Entomol 18:265–267
Abdel-Shafy S, Zayed AA (2002) In vitro acaricidal effect of plant extract of neem seed oil (Azadirachta indica) on egg, immature, and adult stages of Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae). Vet Parasitol 106:89–96
Ahmad N, Sharma S, Alam MK, Singh VN, Shamsi SF, Mehta BR, Fatma A (2010) Rapid synthesis of silver nanoparticles using dried medicinal plant of basil. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 81(1):81–86
Al-Rajhy DH, Alahmed AM, Hussein HI, Kheir SM (2003) Acaricidal effects of cardiac glycosides, azadirachtin and neem oil against the camel tick, Hyalomma dromedarii (Acari: Ixodidae). Pest Manag Sci 59(11):1250–1254
Bar H, Bhui DK, Sahoo GP, Sarkar P, De SP, Misra A (2009) Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using latex of Jatropha curcas. Coll surf A: Physicochem engin asp 339:134–139
Benn T, Westerhoff P (2008) Nanoparticle silver released into water from commercially available sock fabrics. Environ Sci Technol 42:4133–4139
Brown CGD (1997) Dynamics and impact of tick-borne diseases of cattle. Trop Anim Health Prod 29(4):1S–3S
Chandler D, Davidson G, Pell JK, Ball BV, Shaw K, Sunderland KD (2000) Fungal biocontrol of acari. Biocontrol Sci Technol 10:357–384
Del Fabbro S, Nazzi F (2008) Repellent effect of sweet basil compounds on Ixodes ricinus ticks. Exp Appl Acarol 45:219–228
Dubey SP, Lahtinenb M, Sillanpaaa M (2010) Tansy fruit mediated greener synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles. Process Biochem 45:1065–1071
Foil LD, Coleman P, Eisler M, Fragoso-Sanchez H, Garcia-Vazquez Z, Guerrero FD, Jonsson N, Langstaff IG, Li AY, Machila N, Miller RJ, Morton J, Pruett JH, Torr S (2004) Factors that influence the prevalence of acaricide resistance and tick-borne diseases. Vet Parasitol 125:163–181
Freire CM, Marques MO, Costa M (2006) Effects of seasonal variation on the central nervous system activity of Ocimum gratissimum L. essential oil. J Ethnopharmacol 105:161–166
Harborne JB (1964) Biochemistry of phenolic compounds. Academic, London, p 511
Hoogstraal H (1979) The epidemiology of tick-borne Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever in Asia, Europe, and Africa. J Med Entomol 15(4):307–417
Iori A, Grazioli D, Gentile E, Marano G, Salvatore G (2005) Acaricidal properties of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel (tea tree oil) against nymphs of Ixodes ricinus. Vet Parasitol 129:173–176
Jayaseelan C, Rahuman AA, Rajakumar G, Kirthi AV, Santhoshkumar T, Marimuthu S, Bagavan A, Kamaraj C, Zahir AA, Elango G (2011a) Synthesis of pediculocidal and larvicidal silver nanoparticles by leaf extract from heartleaf moonseed plant, Tinospora cordifolia Miers. Parasitol Res 109:185–194
Jayaseelan C, Rahuman AA, Rajakumar G, Santhoshkumar T, Kirthi AV, Marimuthu S, Bagavan A, Kamaraj C, Zahir AA, Elango G, Velayutham K, Rao KV, Karthik L, Raveendran S (2011b) Efficacy of plant-mediated synthesized silver nanoparticles against hematophagous parasites. Parasitol Res. doi:10.1007/s00436-011-2473-6
Khandelwal N, Abhijeet S, Devendra J, Upadhyay MK, Verma HN (2010) Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Argimone mexicana leaf extract and evaluation of their antimicrobial activities. Dig J Nanomat Biostruct 5:483–489
Kirthi AV, Rahuman AA, Rajakumar G, Marimuthu S, Santhoshkumar T, Jayaseelan C, Velayutham K (2011) Acaricidal, pediculocidal and larvicidal activity of synthesized ZnO nanoparticles using wet chemical route against blood feeding parasites. Parasitol Res. doi:10.1007/s00436-011-2277-8
Kostic M, Popović Z, Brkić D, Milanović S, Sivcev I, Stanković S (2008) Larvicidal and antifeedant activity of some plant-derived compounds to Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Limantriidae). Bioresour Technol 99(16):7897–7901
Krishnan R, Maru GB (2006) Isolation and analysis of polymeric polyphenol fractions from black tea. Food Chem 94:331–340
Kuber CB, D’Souza SF (2006) Extracellular biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using the fungus Aspergillus fumigates. Colloids Surf B: Interface 47:160–164
Kumar V, Yadav SC, Yadav SK (2010) Syzygium cumini leaf and seed extract mediated biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles and their characterization. J Chem Technol & Biotech 85:1301–1309
Mahitha B, Deva prasad raju B, Dillip GR, Madhukar reddy C, Mallikarjuna K, Manoj l, Priyanka S, Jayantha rao K, John sushma N (2011) Biosynthesis, characterization and antimicrobial studies of AgNPs extract from Bacopa monniera whole plant. Dig J Nanomat Biostruct 6(1):135–142
Mahomoodally MF, Gurib-Fakim A, Subratty AH (2010) Screening for alternative antibiotics: an investigation into the antimicrobial activities of medicinal food plants of Mauritius. J Food Sci 75(3):173–177
Mardani M, Keshtkar-Jahromi M, Ataie B, Adibi P (2009) Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus as a nosocomial pathogen in Iran. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81(4):675–678
Marimuthu S, Rahuman AA, Rajakumar G, Santhoshkumar T, Kirthi AV, Jayaseelan C, Bagavan A, Zahir AA, Elango G, Kamaraj C (2011) Evaluation of green synthesized silver nanoparticles against parasites. Parasitol Res 108(6):1541–1549
Martins AP, Salgueiro LR, Vila R, Tomi F, Cañigueral S, Casanova J, da Cunha AP, Adzet T (1999) Composition of the essential oils of Ocimum canum, O. gratissimum and O. minimum. Planta Med 65(2):187–189
Minjas JN, Sarda RK (1986) Laboratory observations on the toxicity of Swartzia madagascariens (Leguminaceae) extract to mosquito larvae. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 80:460–461
Morones JR, Elechiguerra JL, Camacho A, Holt K, Kouri JB, Ramfrez JT, Yacaman MJ (2005) The bactericidal effect of silver nanoparticles. Nanotech 16:2346–2353
Moulton MC, Braydich-Stolle LK, Mallikarjuna NN, Kunzelman S, Hussain SM, Varma RS (2010) Synthesis, characterization and biocompatibility green synthesized silver nanoparticles using tea polyphenols. Nanoscale 2:763–770
Mukherjee P, Ahmad A, Mandal D, Senapati S, Sainkar SR, Khan MI, Ramani R, Parischa R, Ajayakumar PV, Alam M, Sastry M, Kumar R (2001) Bioreduction of AuCl(4)(−) ions by the fungus, Verticillium sp. and surface trapping of the gold nanoparticles formed. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 40(19):3585–3588
Ndumu PA, George JBD, Choudhury MK (1999) Toxicity of neem seed oil (Azadiracta indica) against the larvae of Amblyomma variegatum, a three-host tick in cattle. Phytother Res 13:532–534
Ntezurubanza L, Scheffer JJ, Looman A (1985) Composition of the essential oil of Ocimum canum grown in Rwanda. Pharm Weekbl Sci 7(6):273–276
Nyamador WS, Ketoh GK, Amevoin K, Nuto Y, Koumaglo HK, Glitho IA (2010) Variation in the susceptibility of two Callosobruchus species to essential oils. J Stored Prod Res 46:48–51
Parashar UK, Saxenaa PS, Srivastava A (2009) Bioinspired synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Dig J Nanomater Biostruct 4:159–166
Petit C, Lixon P, Pileni MP (1993) Synthesis in situ of silver nanocluster in AOT reverse micelles. J Phys Chem 97(49):12974–12983
Philip D (2011) Mangifera indica leaf-assisted biosynthesis of well-dispersed silver nanoparticles. Spectrochimica Acta Part A 78:327–331
Reddy PJ, Krishna D, Murthy US, Jamil K (1992) A microcomputer FORTRAN program for rapid determination of lethal concentration of biocides in mosquito control. Comput Appl Biosci 8:209–213
Sacchetti G, Medici A, Maietti S, Radice M, Muzzoli M, Manfredini S, Braccioli E, Bruni R (2004) Composition and functional properties of the essential oil of Amazonian basil, Ocimum micranthum Willd. Labiatae in comparison with commercial essential oils. J Agric Food Chem 52(11):3486–3491
Sanda K, Koba K, Baba G, Amouzouvi KA, Tchala W, Akpagana K, Vilarem G, Gaset A (1998) Ocimum canum Sims. A lesser known source of volatile oil with terpineol-4 as the major constituent. Bull Chem Soc Ethiopia 12:173–176
Santhoshkumar T, Rahuman AA, Rajakumar G, Marimuthu S, Bagavan A, Jayaseelan C, Zahir AA, Elango G, Kamaraj C (2011) Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Nelumbo nucifera leaf extract and its larvicidal activity against malaria and filariasis vectors. Parasitol Res 108(3):693–702
Schultz S, Smith DR, Mock JJ, Schultz DA (2000) Single target molecule detection with non-bleaching multicolor optical immunolabels. Proc Natl Acad Sci 97:996–1001
Scott JA (1995) The molecular genetics of resistance: resistance as a response to stress. Fla Entomologist 78:399–414
Shimizu S, Nojiri K, Matsunaga N, Yamanea I, Minamia T (2000) Reduction in tick numbers (Haemaphysalis longicornis), mortality and incidence of Theileria sergenti infection in field-grazed calves treated with flumethrin pour-on. Vet Parasitol 92:129–138
Sing NC, Johnston LAY, Leatch G (1983) The economics of cattle tick control in the dry tropical Australia. Aust Vet J 60:37–39
Singh A, Jain D, Upadhyay MK, Khandelwal N, Verma HN (2010) Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using argemone mexicana leaf extract and evaluation of their antimicrobial activities. Dig J Nanomat Biostruct 5(2):483–489
Smitha SL, Philip D, Gopchandran KG (2009) Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Cinnamomum zeylanicum leaf broth. Spectro Acta Part A: Mole and Biomo Spect 74(3):735–739
Sonenshine DE, Lane RS, Nicholson WL (2002) Ticks (Ixodida). In: G. Mullen and L. Durden, eds. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. New York: Academic Press. pp. 517–558.
Songa JY, Janga HK, Kim BS (2009) Biological synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Magnolia kobus and Diopyros kaki leaf extracts. Process Biochem 44:1133–1138
SPSS (2007) SPSS for Windows, version 16.0. Release 16.0.0 637 Chicago, IL, USA
Whitehouse CA (2004) Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever. Rev Antivir Res 64:145–160
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to C. Abdul Hakeem College Management, Dr. W. Abdul Hameed, Principal, and Dr. Hameed Abdul Razack, HOD of Zoology Department, for providing the facilities to carry out this work. We acknowledge the support extended by IIT, Chennai, and Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, in analysing the samples by XRD and SEM.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Jayaseelan, C., Rahuman, A.A. Acaricidal efficacy of synthesized silver nanoparticles using aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum canum against Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and Hyalomma marginatum isaaci (Acari: Ixodidae). Parasitol Res 111, 1369–1378 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-011-2559-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-011-2559-1