A scanning electron microscope study on the route of entry of clorsulon into the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica

Parasitol Res (2005) 95:117–128

Figures 1–29 appeared too dark in the printed version of the article. The correct figures are shown here.

Figs. 1–6 Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Fig. 4 Fig. 5 Fig. 6

Scanning electron micrographs (SEMs) of the tegumental surface of control (Figs. 1, 2) and clorsulon-treated (Figs. 3–6) Fasciola hepatica which had been incubated in vitro for 24 h (non-ligatured flukes)

The ventral surface of a control fluke showing the oral sucker (OS) and ventral sucker (VS) on the apical cone of the fluke. The cirrus (C) is also visible extending from the gonopore. Bar 2 mm

Spines (S) from the anterior midbody region of the dorsal surface of a control fluke. Serrated tips can be seen on a number of the spines. Bar 50 μm

Ventral surface of the apical cone showing the oral sucker (OS), ventral sucker (VS) and the gonopore (G). Spines (S) can be seen covering the surface of the tegument. Bar 400 μm

Dorsal surface of the apical cone showing sunken spines (SS) and severe swelling of the tegument both covering (white arrows) and between (black arrows) the spines. Bar 200 μm

Spines from the lateral margin of the ventral, anterior midbody region. Severe swelling of the tegument can be seen between the spines (arrows). The tegument covering the spines (S) is also severely swollen. Bar 60 μm

The lateral margin on the dorsal surface of the posterior midbody region. Spines (S) can be seen protruding from the swollen tegument (white arrows) that surrounds them, and the tegument covering the spines themselves is also swollen (black arrows). Bar 50 μm

Figs. 7–10 Fig. 7 Fig. 8 Fig. 9 Fig. 10

Scanning electron micrographs (SEMs) of the gut of control (Figs. 7, 8) and clorsulon-treated (Figs. 9, 10) Fasciola hepatica which had been incubated in vitro for 24 h (non-ligatured flukes)

The gut lumen of a control fluke in which the lamellae (L) can be seen. Spherical bodies (SB) are present on the surface of the lamellae and spines (S) can also be seen on the tegumental surface of the fluke. Bar 200 μm

High-power SEM of the gut of a control fluke. Large rippled lamellae (L) can be seen extending into the lumen and a spherical body (SB) is also present on the surface of a lamella. Bar 10 μm

A region of gut in which the lamellae are so disrupted as to be unrecognisable. Bar 75 μm

A severely disrupted region of gut in which the lamellae are disrupted and the tissue appears necrotic. Bar 100 μm

Figs. 11–15 Fig. 11 Fig. 12 Fig. 13 Fig. 14 Fig. 15

Scanning electron micrographs (SEMs) of control (Figs. 11, 12) and clorsulon-treated (Figs. 13–15) Fasciola hepatica whose apical cone had been ligatured prior to incubation in vitro for 24 h

Control SEM showing the ligature (L) below the oral sucker (OS). The gonopore (G) and the ventral sucker (VS) can also be seen on the apical cone. Bar 250 μm

Spines (S) covering the tegument on the dorsal surface in the posterior midbody region of a control fluke. The spines and the tegument appear normal. Bar 150 μm

Apical cone of a ligatured and treated fluke. Sloughing (arrows) of the apical plasma membrane of the tegument can be seen posterior to the oral sucker (OS). The gonopore (G) and the ventral sucker (VS) can be seen anterior to the ligature (L). Bar 200 μm

Tegument and spines (S) from the dorsal surface in the posterior midbody region. The surface appears normal. Bar 50 µm

Swelling of the tegument (arrows) surrounding the spines in the tail region on the dorsal surface. Normal spines (S) can be seen anterior to the tail in the posterior midbody region. Bar 200 μm

Figs. 16–19 Fig. 16 Fig. 17 Fig. 18 Fig. 19

Scanning electron micrographs (SEMs) of the gut of control (Figs. 16, 17) and clorsulon-treated (Figs. 18, 19) Fasciola hepatica whose apical cone had been ligatured prior to incubation in vitro for 24 h

Rippled sheets of lamellae (L) inside the gut lumen of a control fluke. A large spherical body (SB) is present on the surface of a lamella. The tegument (T) can be seen above this section of gut. Bar 150 μm

High-power SEM showing rippled sheets of lamellae (L) and spherical bodies (SB) in the gut of a control fluke. Bar 75 μm

Gut from a treated fluke. Normal rippled lamellae (L) can be seen extending into the lumen. Bar 75 μm

High-power SEM from a treated fluke showing normal lamellae (L) and spherical bodies (SB) attached to them. Bar 100 μm

Figs. 20–25 Fig. 20 Fig. 21 Fig. 22 Fig. 23 Fig. 24 Fig. 25

Scanning electron micrographs (SEMs) of red blood cell-fed control (Figs. 20, 21) and clorsulon-bound red blood cell-fed (Figs. 22–25) Fasciola hepatica which had been incubated in vitro for 24 h

Apical cone and ventral surface of a control fluke showing the oral sucker (OS), cirrus (C) protruding from the gonopore and the ventral sucker (VS). Swelling of the tegument between the spines (arrows) can be seen between the oral sucker and cirrus. Bar 250 μm

The anterior midbody region, towards the lateral margin on the dorsal surface of a control fluke. Slight swelling of the tegument (arrows) between and surrounding the spines (S) is evident. Bar 75 μm

Apical cone and dorsal surface showing disruption in the form of tegument sloughing at the tips of the spines (black arrows) and small blebs (white arrows) on the tegumental surface between the spines. Bar 75 μm

Ventral surface, towards the lateral margin of the anterior midbody region, showing severe swelling of the tegument (white arrows) between the spines (S) and also swelling of the tegument (black arrows) covering the backs of the spines. Bar 50 μm

Ventral surface in the anterior midbody region showing blebs (B) covering the surface of the tegument between the spines (S). Most of the blebs have burst (BB). Bar 20 μm

Dorsal surface, in the posterior midbody region, showing microvillus-like projections (MV) on both the tegument between and covering the spines (S). Bar 20 μm

Figs. 26–29 Fig. 26 Fig. 27 Fig. 28 Fig. 29

Scanning electron micrographs (SEMs) of the gut of red blood cell-fed control (Figs. 26, 27) and clorsulon-bound red blood cell-fed (Figs. 28, 29) Fasciola hepatica which had been incubated in vitro for 24 h

High-power SEM of a region of gut from a control fluke showing the rippled lamellae (L) extending into the gut lumen. Bar 150 μm

High-power SEM showing rippled lamellae (L) extending into the lumen of a section of control gut. The surface of the lamellae is roughened with microvillus-like projections (arrows). Bar 50 μm

Gut lumen showing severely disrupted lamellae (L) which have almost totally lost their normal appearance and organisation. Bar 200 μm

Disrupted gut lamellae (L) which have lost their normal structure and look very frayed. Bar 100 μm