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Atypical goblet cell hyperplasia occurs in CPAM 1, 2, and 3, and is a probable precursor lesion for childhood adenocarcinoma

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Abstract

Congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM) is a developmental disorder. Types 1-2-3 are the more common ones. Atypical goblet cell hyperplasia (AGCH) in CPAM might be a precursor lesion for pulmonary adenocarcinomas. In nine out of 33 CPAM cases, types 1–3 showed foci of goblet cell proliferations. As these cells completely replace normal epithelium, we prefer to name these proliferations AGCH. In 5 cases, adenocarcinomas were seen (AC). All cases were analyzed for proteins possibly being associated with CPAM development: fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) and receptor 2 (FGFR2), forkhead box A1 (FOXA1) and A2 (FOXA2), MUC protein 5AC (MUC5AC), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (erbB2, HER2/neu), hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α), SOX2, and Ying Yang protein 1 (YY1). By next generation sequencing, AGCH and adenocarcinomas were evaluated for driver mutations. Expression for FGF10, FGFR2, FOXA1, and FOXA2 was seen in CPAM epithelium and stroma, but not differently in AGCH and AC. SOX2 was positive in CPAM epithelium and AGCH, however weakly in AC. YY1 and MUC5AC showed more intense staining in AGCH and AC than in CPAM epithelium. HER2 was intensely expressed in AC and less intensely in AGCH, but not in CPAM epithelium. KRAS mutation in exon 2 was detected in all AGCH and AC, but was absent in CPAM epithelia. AGCH can arise in CPAM types 1–3. Oncogenic KRAS mutation seems to be the oncogenic driver already in AGCH, proving its role as a precursor lesion for adenocarcinoma. It might upregulate HER2 at the protein level. YY1 seems to be involved in carcinogenesis.

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  1. Fabian Fakler and Umut Aykutlu contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8036, Graz, Austria

    Fabian Fakler, Luka Brcic, Sylvia Eidenhammer, Andrea Thueringer, Karl Kashofer & Helmut Popper

  2. Department of Pathology, Erzurum Regional Training and Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey

    Umut Aykutlu

  3. 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University Budapest, Budapest, Hungary

    Janina Kulka

  4. Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Wim Timens

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ESM 1

(DOCX 54 kb)

ESM 2

FOXA1 antibodies stained focally CPAM epithelia (nuclear), whereas most carcinoma cells were either unstained or weakly positive (a). Similarly CPAM cells were weakly stained for FOXA2, most carcinoma cell were negative (b). Bars, 50 μm (PNG 1037 kb)

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ESM 3

Nuclear expression of SOX2 in CPAM epithelia including goblet cells. Normal lung epithelia were negative. Bar, 50 μm (PNG 367 kb)

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Fakler, F., Aykutlu, U., Brcic, L. et al. Atypical goblet cell hyperplasia occurs in CPAM 1, 2, and 3, and is a probable precursor lesion for childhood adenocarcinoma. Virchows Arch 476, 843–854 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00428-019-02732-4

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