Travis WD, Brambilla E, Burke A, Marx A, Nicholson A (2015) WHO classification of tumours of the lung, pleura, thymus and heart, 4th edn. IARC Press, Lyon
Google Scholar
Caplin ME, Baudin E, Ferolla P, Filosso P, Garcia-Yuste M, Lim E, Oberg K, Pelosi G, Perren A, Rossi RE, Travis WD, participants Ecc (2015) Pulmonary neuroendocrine (carcinoid) tumors: European neuroendocrine tumor society expert consensus and recommendations for best practice for typical and atypical pulmonary carcinoids. Ann Oncol 26 (8):1604–1620. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdv041
Travis WD (2010) Advances in neuroendocrine lung tumors. Ann Oncol 21 Suppl 7:vii65-71. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdq380
Asamura H, Kameya T, Matsuno Y, Noguchi M, Tada H, Ishikawa Y, Yokose T, Jiang SX, Inoue T, Nakagawa K, Tajima K, Nagai K (2006) Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the lung: a prognostic spectrum. J Clin Oncol 24(1):70–76. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.04.1202
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Maurizi G, Ibrahim M, Andreetti C, D'Andrilli A, Ciccone AM, Pomes LM, Menna C, Pellegrini M, Venuta F, Rendina EA (2014) Long-term results after resection of bronchial carcinoid tumour: evaluation of survival and prognostic factors. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 19(2):239–244. doi:10.1093/icvts/ivu109
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mezzetti M, Raveglia F, Panigalli T, Giuliani L, Lo Giudice F, Meda S, Conforti S (2003) Assessment of outcomes in typical and atypical carcinoids according to latest WHO classification. Ann Thorac Surg 76(6):1838–1842. doi:10.1016/S0003-4975(03)01194-9
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Filosso PL, Rena O, Guerrera F, Moreno Casado P, Sagan D, Raveglia F, Brunelli A, Welter S, Gust L, Pompili C, Casadio C, Bora G, Alvarez A, Zaluska W, Baisi A, Roesel C, Thomas PA, Committee EN-WS (2015) Clinical management of atypical carcinoid and large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma: a multicentre study on behalf of the European Association of Thoracic Surgeons (ESTS) Neuroendocrine Tumours of the Lung Working Groupdagger. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 48(1):55–64. doi:10.1093/ejcts/ezu404
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Filosso PL, Ruffini E, Di Gangi S, Guerrera F, Bora G, Ciccone G, Galassi C, Solidoro P, Lyberis P, Oliaro A, Sandri A (2014) Prognostic factors in neuroendocrine tumours of the lung: a single-centre experience. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 45(3):521–526; discussion 526. doi:10.1093/ejcts/ezt442
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pelosi G, Rindi G, Travis WD, Papotti M (2014) Ki-67 antigen in lung neuroendocrine tumors: unraveling a role in clinical practice. J Thorac Oncol 9(3):273–284. doi:10.1097/JTO.0000000000000092
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Warth A, Fink L, Fisseler-Eckhoff A, Jonigk D, Keller M, Ott G, Rieker RJ, Sinn P, Soder S, Soltermann A, Willenbrock K, Weichert W, Pulmonary Pathology Working Group of the German Society of P (2013) Interobserver agreement of proliferation index (Ki-67) outperforms mitotic count in pulmonary carcinoids. Virchows Arch 462(5):507–513. doi:10.1007/s00428-013-1408-2
Article
Google Scholar
Fabbri A, Cossa M, Sonzogni A, Papotti M, Righi L, Gatti G, Maisonneuve P, Valeri B, Pastorino U, Pelosi G (2017) Ki-67 labeling index of neuroendocrine tumors of the lung has a high level of correspondence between biopsy samples and surgical specimens when strict counting guidelines are applied. Virchows Arch 470(2):153–164. doi:10.1007/s00428-016-2062-2
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pelosi G, Rodriguez J, Viale G, Rosai J (2005) Typical and atypical pulmonary carcinoid tumor overdiagnosed as small-cell carcinoma on biopsy specimens: a major pitfall in the management of lung cancer patients. Am J Surg Pathol 29(2):179–187. doi:10.1097/01.pas.0000149690.75462.29
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Swarts DR, Rudelius M, Claessen SM, Cleutjens JP, Seidl S, Volante M, Ramaekers FC, Speel EJ (2017) Limited additive value of the Ki-67 proliferative index on patient survival in World Health Organization-classified pulmonary carcinoids. Histopathology 70(3):412–422. doi:10.1111/his.13096
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Walts AE, Ines D, Marchevsky AM (2012) Limited role of Ki-67 proliferative index in predicting overall short-term survival in patients with typical and atypical pulmonary carcinoid tumors. Mod Pathol 25(9):1258–1264. doi:10.1038/modpathol.2012.81
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rindi G, Klersy C, Inzani F, Fellegara G, Ampollini L, Ardizzoni A, Campanini N, Carbognani P, De Pas TM, Galetta D, Granone PL, Righi L, Rusca M, Spaggiari L, Tiseo M, Viale G, Volante M, Papotti M, Pelosi G (2014) Grading the neuroendocrine tumors of the lung: an evidence-based proposal. Endocr Relat Cancer 21(1):1–16. doi:10.1530/ERC-13-0246
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tang LH, Untch BR, Reidy DL, O'Reilly E, Dhall D, Jih L, Basturk O, Allen PJ, Klimstra DS (2016) Well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors with a morphologically apparent high-grade component: a pathway distinct from Poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas. Clin Cancer Res 22(4):1011–1017. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-15-0548
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bosman FT, Carneiro F, Hruban RH, Theise ND (2010) WHO classification of tumours of the digestive system. IARC Press, Lyon
Google Scholar
Milione M, Maisonneuve P, Spada F, Pellegrinelli A, Spaggiari P, Albarello L, Pisa E, Barberis M, Vanoli A, Buzzoni R, Pusceddu S, Concas L, Sessa F, Solcia E, Capella C, Fazio N, La Rosa S (2017) The clinicopathologic heterogeneity of grade 3 gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms: morphological differentiation and proliferation identify different prognostic categories. Neuroendocrinology 104(1):85–93. doi:10.1159/000445165
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Raj N, Valentino E, Capanu M, Tang LH, Basturk O, Untch BR, Allen PJ, Klimstra DS, Reidy-Lagunes D (2017) Treatment response and outcomes of grade 3 pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms based on morphology: well differentiated versus poorly differentiated. Pancreas 46(3):296–301. doi:10.1097/MPA.0000000000000735
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tang LH, Basturk O, Sue JJ, Klimstra DS (2016) A practical approach to the classification of WHO grade 3 (G3) well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor (WD-NET) and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma (PD-NEC) of the pancreas. Am J Surg Pathol 40(9):1192–1202. doi:10.1097/PAS.0000000000000662
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Fabbri A, Cossa M, Sonzogni A, Bidoli P, Canova S, Abbate MI, Calabrese F, Nannini N, Lunardi F, Rossi G, La Rosa S, Capella C, Tamborini E, Perrone F, Busico A, Capone I, Valeri B, Pastorino U, Crtinovis D, Albini A, Pelosi G (2017) Thymus neuroendocrine tumors with CTNNB1 gene mutations, disarrayed ß-catenin expression and dual intra-tumor Ki-67 labeling index compartmentalization challenge the concept of secondary high-grade neuroendocrine tumor: a paradigm shift. Virchows Arch in press
Quinn AM, Chaturvedi A, Nonaka D (2016) High-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung with carcinoid morphology: a study of 12 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 41(2):263–270. doi:10.1097/PAS.0000000000000767
Article
Google Scholar
Rekhtman N, Pietanza MC, Hellmann MD, Naidoo J, Arora A, Won H, Halpenny DF, Wang H, Tian SK, Litvak AM, Paik PK, Drilon AE, Socci N, Poirier JT, Shen R, Berger MF, Moreira AL, Travis WD, Rudin CM, Ladanyi M (2016) Next-generation sequencing of pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma reveals small cell carcinoma-like and non-small cell carcinoma-like subsets. Clin Cancer Res 22(14):3618–3629. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-15-2946
CAS
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Costes V, Marty-Ane C, Picot MC, Serre I, Pujol JL, Mary H, Baldet P (1995) Typical and atypical bronchopulmonary carcinoid tumors: a clinicopathologic and KI-67-labeling study. Hum Pathol 26(7):740–745. doi:10.1016/0046-8177(95)90221-X
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pelosi G, Pasini F, Fraggetta F, Pastorino U, Iannucci A, Maisonneuve P, Arrigoni G, De Manzoni G, Bresaola E, Viale G (2003) Independent value of fascin immunoreactivity for predicting lymph node metastases in typical and atypical pulmonary carcinoids. Lung Cancer 42(2):203–213
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rugge M, Fassan M, Clemente R, Rizzardi G, Giacomelli L, Pennelli G, Mescoli C, Segat D, Rea F (2008) Bronchopulmonary carcinoid: phenotype and long-term outcome in a single-institution series of Italian patients. Clin Cancer Res 14(1):149–154. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-1631
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pelosi G, Fabbri A, Cossa M, Sonzogni A, Valeri B, Righi L, Papotti M (2015) What clinicians are asking pathologists when dealing with lung neuroendocrine neoplasms? Semin Diagn Pathol 32(6):469–479. doi:10.1053/j.semdp.2015.10.009
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Beasley MB, Thunnissen FB, Brambilla E, Hasleton P, Steele R, Hammar SP, Colby TV, Sheppard M, Shimosato Y, Koss MN, Falk R, Travis WD (2000) Pulmonary atypical carcinoid: predictors of survival in 106 cases. Hum Pathol 31(10):1255–1265. doi:10.1053/hupa.2000.19294
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Morris LG, Riaz N, Desrichard A, Senbabaoglu Y, Hakimi AA, Makarov V, Reis-Filho JS, Chan TA (2016) Pan-cancer analysis of intratumor heterogeneity as a prognostic determinant of survival. Oncotarget 7 (9):10051-10063. Doi:10.18632/oncotarget.7067
McCall CM, Shi C, Cornish TC, Klimstra DS, Tang LH, Basturk O, Mun LJ, Ellison TA, Wolfgang CL, Choti MA, Schulick RD, Edil BH, Hruban RH (2013) Grading of well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors is improved by the inclusion of both Ki67 proliferative index and mitotic rate. Am J Surg Pathol 37(11):1671–1677. doi:10.1097/PAS.0000000000000089
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Simbolo M, Mafficini A, Sikora KO, Fassan M, Barbi S, Corbo V, Mastracci L, Rusev B, Grillo F, Vicentini C, Ferrara R, Pilotto S, Davini F, Pelosi G, Lawlor RT, Chilosi M, Tortora G, Bria E, Fontanini G, Volante M, Scarpa A (2017) Lung neuroendocrine tumours: deep sequencing of the four WHO histotypes reveals chromatin remodelling genes as major players and a prognostic role for TERT, RB1, MEN1 and KMT2D. J Pathol 241(4):488–500. doi:10.1002/path.4853
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar