Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Robot-assisted liver resection: the real benefit so far

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Background

Minimally invasive liver resection is associated with lower perioperative morbidity and shorter hospital stay. However, the added benefit of the robotic platform over conventional laparoscopy is a matter of ongoing investigation.

Purpose

The purpose of this narrative review is to provide an up-to-date and balanced evaluation of the benefits and shortcomings of robotic liver surgery for the modern hepatobiliary surgeon.

Conclusions

Advantages of a robotic approach to liver resection include a shortened learning curve, the ability to complete more extensive or complex minimally invasive operations, and integrated fluorescence guidance. However, the robotic platform remains limited by a paucity of parenchymal transection devices, complete lack of haptic feedback, and added operating time associated with docking and instrument exchange. Like laparoscopic hepatectomy, robotic hepatectomy may provide patients with more rapid recovery and a shorter hospital stay, which can help offset the substantial costs of robot acquisition and maintenance. The oncologic outcomes of robotic hepatectomy appear to be equivalent to laparoscopic and open hepatectomy for appropriately selected patients.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Reynolds W Jr (2001) The first laparoscopic cholecystectomy. JSLS 5(1):89–94

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Reich H, McGlynn F, DeCaprio J, Budin R (1991) Laparoscopic excision of benign liver lesions. Obstet Gynecol 78(5 Pt 2):956–958

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Cherqui D, Husson E, Hammoud R et al (2000) Laparoscopic liver resections: a feasibility study in 30 patients. Ann Surg 232(6):753–762

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Buell JF, Thomas MT, Rudich S et al (2008) Experience with more than 500 minimally invasive hepatic procedures. Ann Surg 248(3):475–486

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Nguyen KT, Laurent A, Dagher I et al (2009) Minimally invasive liver resection for metastatic colorectal cancer: a multi-institutional, international report of safety, feasibility, and early outcomes. Ann Surg 250(5):842–848

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Rau HG, Buttler E, Meyer G, Schardey HM, Schildberg FW (1998) Laparoscopic liver resection compared with conventional partial hepatectomy—a prospective analysis. Hepatogastroenterology 45(24):2333–2338

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Buell JF, Cherqui D, Geller DA et al (2009) The international position on laparoscopic liver surgery: the Louisville Statement, 2008. Ann Surg 250(5):825–830

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Lanfranco AR, Castellanos AE, Desai JP, Meyers WC (2004) Robotic surgery: a current perspective. Ann Surg 239(1):14–21

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Himpens J, Leman G, Cadiere GB (1998) Telesurgical laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc 12(8):1091

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Giulianotti PC, Coratti A, Angelini M et al (2003) Robotics in general surgery: personal experience in a large community hospital. Arch Surg 138(7):777–784

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Patriti A, Ceccarelli G, Bartoli A, Spaziani A, Lapalorcia LM, Casciola L (2009) Laparoscopic and robot-assisted one-stage resection of colorectal cancer with synchronous liver metastases: a pilot study. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 16(4):450–457

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Choi SB, Park JS, Kim JK et al (2008) Early experiences of robotic-assisted laparoscopic liver resection. Yonsei Med J 49(4):632–638

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Liu R, Wakabayashi G, Kim HJ et al (2019) International consensus statement on robotic hepatectomy surgery in 2018. World J Gastroenterol 25(12):1432–1444

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Fretland AA, Dagenborg VJ, Bjornelv GMW et al (2018) Laparoscopic versus open resection for colorectal liver metastases: the OSLO-COMET randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg 267(2):199–207

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Troisi RI, Pegoraro F, Giglio MC et al (2020) Robotic approach to the liver: open surgery in a closed abdomen or laparoscopic surgery with technical constraints? Surg Oncol 33:239–248

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Robles-Campos R, Lopez-Lopez V, Brusadin R et al (2019) Open versus minimally invasive liver surgery for colorectal liver metastases (LapOpHuva): a prospective randomized controlled trial. Surg Endosc 33(12):3926–3936

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Giulianotti PC, Bianco FM, Daskalaki D, Gonzalez-Ciccarelli LF, Kim J, Benedetti E (2016) Robotic liver surgery: technical aspects and review of the literature. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 5(4):311–321

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Lafaro KJ, Stewart C, Fong A, Fong Y (2020) Robotic liver resection. Surg Clin North Am 100(2):265–281

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Lekawa M, Shapiro SJ, Gordon LA, Rothbart J, Hiatt JR (1995) The laparoscopic learning curve. Surg Laparosc Endosc 5(6):455–458

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Watson DI, Baigrie RJ, Jamieson GG (1996) A learning curve for laparoscopic fundoplication Definable, avoidable, or a waste of time? Ann Surg 224(2):198–203

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Vigano L, Laurent A, Tayar C, Tomatis M, Ponti A, Cherqui D (2009) The learning curve in laparoscopic liver resection: improved feasibility and reproducibility. Ann Surg 250(5):772–782

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Nomi T, Fuks D, Kawaguchi Y, Mal F, Nakajima Y, Gayet B (2015) Learning curve for laparoscopic major hepatectomy. Br J Surg 102(7):796–804

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Lee W, Woo JW, Lee JK et al (2016) Comparison of learning curves for major and minor laparoscopic liver resection. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 26(6):457–464

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Navarro JG, Kang I, Rho SY et al (2021) Major laparoscopic versus open resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: a propensity score-matched analysis based on surgeons’ learning curve. Ann Surg Oncol 28(1):447–458

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Moore LJ, Wilson MR, Waine E, Masters RS, McGrath JS, Vine SJ (2015) Robotic technology results in faster and more robust surgical skill acquisition than traditional laparoscopy. J Robot Surg 9(1):67–73

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Stewart CL, Fong A, Payyavula G et al (2021) Study on augmented reality for robotic surgery bedside assistants. J Robot Surg. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11701-021-01335-z

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Ayabe RI, Parrish AB, Dauphine CE, Hari DM, Ozao-Choy JJ (2018) Single-site robotic cholecystectomy and robotics training: should we start in the junior years? J Surg Res 224:1–4

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Zhu P, Liao W, Ding ZY et al (2019) Learning curve in robot-assisted laparoscopic liver resection. J Gastrointest Surg 23(9):1778–1787

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Chen PD, Wu CY, Hu RH et al (2017) Robotic major hepatectomy: is there a learning curve? Surgery 161(3):642–649

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Efanov M, Alikhanov R, Tsvirkun V et al (2017) Comparative analysis of learning curve in complex robot-assisted and laparoscopic liver resection. HPB (Oxford) 19(9):818–824

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Perrenot C, Perez M, Tran N et al (2012) The virtual reality simulator dV-Trainer((R)) is a valid assessment tool for robotic surgical skills. Surg Endosc 26(9):2587–2593

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Fernandes E, Elli E, Giulianotti P (2014) The role of the dual console in robotic surgical training. Surgery 155(1):1–4

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Melstrom LG, Warner SG, Woo Y et al (2018) Selecting incision-dominant cases for robotic liver resection: towards outpatient hepatectomy with rapid recovery. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 7(2):77–84

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Nota CL, Woo Y, Raoof M et al (2019) Robotic versus open minor liver resections of the posterosuperior segments: a multinational, propensity score-matched study. Ann Surg Oncol 26(2):583–590

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Chong CC, Fuks D, Lee KF et al (2022) Propensity score-matched analysis comparing robotic and laparoscopic right and extended right hepatectomy. JAMA Surg. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2022.0161

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Chong CCN, Lok HT, Fung AKY et al (2020) Robotic versus laparoscopic hepatectomy: application of the difficulty scoring system. Surg Endosc 34(5):2000–2006

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Lorenz E, Arend J, Franz M et al (2021) Robotic and laparoscopic liver resection-comparative experiences at a high-volume German academic center. Langenbecks Arch Surg 406(3):753–761

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Coletta D, Levi Sandri GB, Giuliani G, Guerra F (2021) Robot-assisted versus conventional laparoscopic major hepatectomies: systematic review with meta-analysis. Int J Med Robot 17(3):e2218

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Giulianotti PC, Quadri P, Durgam S, Bianco FM (2018) Reconstruction/repair of iatrogenic biliary injuries: is the robot offering a new option? Short clinical report. Ann Surg 267(1):e7–e9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Guerra F, Amore Bonapasta S, Di Marino M, Coratti F, Annecchiarico M, Coratti A (2016) Surgical revision of benign hepaticojejunostomy stricture using a robotic system (with video). J Visc Surg 153(5):389–390

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Lai EC, Tang CN (2015) Robot-assisted laparoscopic hepaticojejunostomy for advanced malignant biliary obstruction. Asian J Surg 38(4):210–213

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Chi SQ, Cao GQ, Li S et al (2021) Outcomes in robotic versus laparoscopic-assisted choledochal cyst excision and hepaticojejunostomy in children. Surg Endosc 35(9):5009–5014

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Brown JA, Jung JP, Zenati MS et al (2021) Video review reveals technical factors predictive of biliary stricture and cholangitis after robotic pancreaticoduodenectomy. HPB (Oxford) 23(1):144–153

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. House MG, Cameron JL, Schulick RD et al (2006) Incidence and outcome of biliary strictures after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Ann Surg 243(5):571–576; discussion 576-578

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Antolovic D, Koch M, Galindo L et al (2007) Hepaticojejunostomy—analysis of risk factors for postoperative bile leaks and surgical complications. J Gastrointest Surg 11(5):555–561

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. White MG, Tran Cao HS (2020) ASO author reflections: the role of the robot in liver surgery: an evolution in progress. Ann Surg Oncol 27(Suppl 3):897–898

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Wang X, Teh CSC, Ishizawa T et al (2021) Consensus guidelines for the use of fluorescence imaging in hepatobiliary surgery. Ann Surg 274(1):97–106

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Aoki T, Murakami M, Yasuda D et al (2010) Intraoperative fluorescent imaging using indocyanine green for liver mapping and cholangiography. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 17(5):590–594

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Inoue Y, Arita J, Sakamoto T et al (2015) Anatomical liver resections guided by 3-dimensional parenchymal staining using fusion indocyanine green fluorescence imaging. Ann Surg 262(1):105–111

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Ishizawa T, Fukushima N, Shibahara J et al (2009) Real-time identification of liver cancers by using indocyanine green fluorescent imaging. Cancer 115(11):2491–2504

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Harada N, Ishizawa T, Muraoka A et al (2010) Fluorescence navigation hepatectomy by visualization of localized cholestasis from bile duct tumor infiltration. J Am Coll Surg 210(6):e2-6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Ishizawa T, Masuda K, Urano Y et al (2014) Mechanistic background and clinical applications of indocyanine green fluorescence imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 21(2):440–448

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. van der Vorst JR, Schaafsma BE, Hutteman M et al (2013) Near-infrared fluorescence-guided resection of colorectal liver metastases. Cancer 119(18):3411–3418

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Ishizawa T, Bandai Y, Ijichi M, Kaneko J, Hasegawa K, Kokudo N (2010) Fluorescent cholangiography illuminating the biliary tree during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Br J Surg 97(9):1369–1377

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Da Vinci X/Xi Instrument & accessory catalog (2021) https://www.intuitive.com/en-us/products-and-services/da-vinci/energy. Accessed 7 Feb 2022

  56. Perrakis A, Rahimli M, Gumbs AA et al (2021) Three-device (3D) technique for liver parenchyma dissection in robotic liver surgery. J Clin Med 10(22):5265

  57. Hawksworth J, Llore N, Holzner ML et al (2021) Robotic hepatectomy is a safe and cost-effective alternative to conventional open hepatectomy: a single-center preliminary experience. J Gastrointest Surg 25(3):825–828

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Ottermo MV, Ovstedal M, Lango T et al (2006) The role of tactile feedback in laparoscopic surgery. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 16(6):390–400

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Fahrner R, Rauchfuss F, Bauschke A, Kissler H, Settmacher U, Zanow J (2019) Robotic hepatic surgery in malignancy: review of the current literature. J Robot Surg 13(4):533–538

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. DeOliveira ML, Pawlik TM, Gleisner AL, Assumpcaom L, Lopes-Filho GJ, Choti MA (2007) Echogenic appearance of colorectal liver metastases on intraoperative ultrasonography is associated with survival after hepatic resection. J Gastrointest Surg 11(8):970–976; discussion 976

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. de Rooij T, van Hilst J, van Santvoort H et al (2019) Minimally invasive versus open distal pancreatectomy (LEOPARD): a multicenter patient-blinded randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg 269(1):2–9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Herrera-Almario G, Strong VE (2016) Minimally invasive gastric surgery. Ann Surg Oncol 23(12):3792–3797

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Allaix ME, Rebecchi F, Fichera A (2020) The landmark series: minimally invasive (laparoscopic and robotic) colorectal cancer surgery. Ann Surg Oncol 27(10):3704–3715

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Chen PD, Wu CY, Hu RH et al (2017) Robotic versus open hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma: a matched comparison. Ann Surg Oncol 24(4):1021–1028

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Lee KF, Chong C, Cheung S et al (2021) Robotic versus open hemihepatectomy: a propensity score-matched study. Surg Endosc 35(5):2316–2323

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Wang JM, Li JF, Yuan GD, He SQ (2021) Robot-assisted versus laparoscopic minor hepatectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 100(17):e25648

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Hu Y, Guo K, Xu J et al (2021) Robotic versus laparoscopic hepatectomy for malignancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian J Surg 44(4):615–628

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Zhang L, Yuan Q, Xu Y, Wang W (2020) Comparative clinical outcomes of robot-assisted liver resection versus laparoscopic liver resection: a meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 15(10):e0240593

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Sarlos D, Kots L, Stevanovic N, von Felten S, Schar G (2012) Robotic compared with conventional laparoscopic hysterectomy: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 120(3):604–611

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Waters JA, Canal DF, Wiebke EA et al (2010) Robotic distal pancreatectomy: cost effective? Surgery 148(4):814–823

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Ojima T, Nakamura M, Hayata K, Kitadani J, Takeuchi A, Yamaue H (2021) Comparison of short-term surgical outcomes using da Vinci S, Si and Xi surgical system for robotic gastric cancer surgery. Sci Rep 11(1):11063

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Huscher CG, Lirici MM, Chiodini S (1998) Laparoscopic liver resections. Semin Laparosc Surg 5(3):204–210

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Gholami S, Judge SJ, Lee SY et al (2020) Is minimally invasive surgery of lesions in the right superior segments of the liver justified? A multi-institutional study of 245 patients. J Surg Oncol 122(7):1428–1434

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  74. Zheng B, Zhao R, Li X, Li B (2017) Comparison of laparoscopic liver resection for lesions located in anterolateral and posterosuperior segments: a meta-analysis. Surg Endosc 31(11):4641–4648

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Lee W, Han HS, Yoon YS et al (2016) Comparison of laparoscopic liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma located in the posterosuperior segments or anterolateral segments: a case-matched analysis. Surgery 160(5):1219–1226

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Aghayan DL, Kazaryan AM, Dagenborg VJ et al (2021) Long-term oncologic outcomes after laparoscopic versus open resection for colorectal liver metastases: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 174(2):175–182

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Khan S, Beard RE, Kingham PT et al (2018) Long-term oncologic outcomes following robotic liver resections for primary hepatobiliary malignancies: a multicenter study. Ann Surg Oncol 25(9):2652–2660

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  78. (2021)Intuitive Surgical, Inc. 2021 Annual Report. https://www.annualreports.com/Company/intuitive-surgical-inc. Accessed February 27, 2022

  79. Feldstein J, Schwander B, Roberts M, Coussons H (2019) Cost of ownership assessment for a da Vinci robot based on US real-world data. Int J Med Robot 15(5):e2023

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Ziogas IA, Evangeliou AP, Mylonas KS et al (2021) Economic analysis of open versus laparoscopic versus robotic hepatectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Health Econ 22(4):585–604

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Tsekouras K, Spartalis E, Mamakos N, Tsourouflis G, Nikiteas NI, Dimitroulis D (2022) The use of robotics in surgery of benign liver diseases: a systematic review. Surg Innov 29(2):258–268

  82. Diaz-Nieto R, Vyas S, Sharma D, Malik H, Fenwick S, Poston G (2020) Robotic surgery for malignant liver disease: a systematic review of oncological and surgical outcomes. Indian J Surg Oncol 11(4):565–572

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Mejia A, Cheng SS, Vivian E, Shah J, Oduor H, Archarya P (2020) Minimally invasive liver resection in the era of robotics: analysis of 214 cases. Surg Endosc 34(1):339–348

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Chen PD, Wu CY, Hu RH et al (2016) Robotic liver donor right hepatectomy: a pure, minimally invasive approach. Liver Transpl 22(11):1509–1518

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Yu YD, Kim KH, Jung DH et al (2014) Robotic versus laparoscopic liver resection: a comparative study from a single center. Langenbecks Arch Surg 399(8):1039–1045

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Ji WB, Wang HG, Zhao ZM, Duan WD, Lu F, Dong JH (2011) Robotic-assisted laparoscopic anatomic hepatectomy in China: initial experience. Ann Surg 253(2):342–348

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Kim JK, Park JS, Han DH et al (2016) Robotic versus laparoscopic left lateral sectionectomy of liver. Surg Endosc 30(11):4756–4764

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Barbash GI, Glied SA (2010) New technology and health care costs—the case of robot-assisted surgery. N Engl J Med 363(8):701–704

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Turchetti G, Palla I, Pierotti F, Cuschieri A (2012) Economic evaluation of da Vinci-assisted robotic surgery: a systematic review. Surg Endosc 26(3):598–606

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Higgins RM, Frelich MJ, Bosler ME, Gould JC (2017) Cost analysis of robotic versus laparoscopic general surgery procedures. Surg Endosc 31(1):185–192

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Ziogas IA, Giannis D, Esagian SM, Economopoulos KP, Tohme S, Geller DA (2021) Laparoscopic versus robotic major hepatectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Surg Endosc 35(2):524–535

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Ciria R, Berardi G, Alconchel F et al (2022) The impact of robotics in liver surgery: a worldwide systematic review and short-term outcomes meta-analysis on 2,728 cases. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 29(2):181–197

  93. Packiam V, Bartlett DL, Tohme S et al (2012) Minimally invasive liver resection: robotic versus laparoscopic left lateral sectionectomy. J Gastrointest Surg 16(12):2233–2238

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  94. Berber E, Akyildiz HY, Aucejo F, Gunasekaran G, Chalikonda S, Fung J (2010) Robotic versus laparoscopic resection of liver tumours. HPB (Oxford) 12(8):583–586

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Daskalaki D, Gonzalez-Heredia R, Brown M et al (2017) Financial impact of the robotic approach in liver surgery: a comparative study of clinical outcomes and costs between the robotic and open technique in a single institution. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 27(4):375–382

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  96. Sham JG, Richards MK, Seo YD, Pillarisetty VG, Yeung RS, Park JO (2016) Efficacy and cost of robotic hepatectomy: is the robot cost-prohibitive? J Robot Surg 10(4):307–313

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Croner RS, Perrakis A, Hohenberger W, Brunner M (2016) Robotic liver surgery for minor hepatic resections: a comparison with laparoscopic and open standard procedures. Langenbecks Arch Surg 401(5):707–714

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Wu YM, Hu RH, Lai HS, Lee PH (2014) Robotic-assisted minimally invasive liver resection. Asian J Surg 37(2):53–57

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Kamarajah SK, Bundred J, Manas D, Jiao L, Hilal MA, White SA (2021) Robotic versus conventional laparoscopic liver resections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Scand J Surg 110(3):290–300

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler St., Unit 1484, Houston, TX, 77030, USA

    Reed I. Ayabe, Ahad Azimuddin & Hop S. Tran Cao

Authors
  1. Reed I. Ayabe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ahad Azimuddin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Hop S. Tran Cao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hop S. Tran Cao.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ayabe, R.I., Azimuddin, A. & Tran Cao, H.S. Robot-assisted liver resection: the real benefit so far. Langenbecks Arch Surg 407, 1779–1787 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00423-022-02523-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00423-022-02523-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation