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Closer correlation of cadmium in urine than that of cadmium in blood with tubular dysfunction markers in urine among general women populations in Japan

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Abstract

Objectives

The objectives of the present study are to investigate whether cadmium in blood (Cd-B) and cadmium in urine (Cd-U) correlate with each other irrespective of age among general populations and which one of Cd-B or Cd-U correlates more closely with three renal tubular dysfunction markers in urine of α1-microglobulin (α1-MG-U), β2-microglobulin (β2-MG-U) and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG-U).

Methods

Data on two exposure markers (Cd-B and Cd-U) and three effect markers (α1-MG-U, β2-MG-U and NAG-U) were collected for 1,403 adult women in non-polluted areas all over Japan. Possible significance of correlation between the parameters and dependency on age was examined by simple and multiple regression analysis.

Results

Both Cd-B and Cd-U increased as a function of age. The two exposure markers correlated significantly with each other, and the Cd-U over Cd-B ratio also increased as a function of age. Although both Cd-B and Cd-U correlated significantly with the three effect markers, the correlation was closer for Cd-U than for Cd-B.

Conclusions

Cd-U rather than Cd-B should be recommended as an exposure marker of choice in Cd biological monitoring of general populations. Effects of aging should be taken into account when evaluating study results.

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Acknowledgments

A part of this study was supported by Grants-in-Aid from Food Safety Commission, Japan (No. 0802; Head Investigator, M. Ikeda) for the fiscal years of 2008 and 2009. ICP-MS analyses for metals were conducted by Inorganic Analysis Laboratories, Toray Research Center, Inc., Ohtsu, Japan. Thanks are due to the administration and staff of Kyoto Industrial Health Association for their interest in and support to this study.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Kyoto Industrial Health Association (Main Office), 67 Nishinokyo-Kitatsuboicho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto, 604-8472, Japan

    Masayuki Ikeda, Fumiko Ohashi & Yoshinari Fukui

  2. Kyoto Industrial Health Association (Mibu Office), 4-1 Mibu-Shujakucho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto, 604-8871, Japan

    Sonoko Sakuragi & Jiro Moriguchi

Authors
  1. Masayuki Ikeda
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  2. Fumiko Ohashi
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  3. Yoshinari Fukui
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  4. Sonoko Sakuragi
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  5. Jiro Moriguchi
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Correspondence to Masayuki Ikeda.

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Ikeda, M., Ohashi, F., Fukui, Y. et al. Closer correlation of cadmium in urine than that of cadmium in blood with tubular dysfunction markers in urine among general women populations in Japan. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 84, 121–129 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-010-0527-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-010-0527-1

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