Abstract
Objective
Due to new legal requirements in Germany, the employer must request preventive medical check-ups for activities involving exposure to dust from experimental animals in the rooms in which the animals are kept. The objective is to report our first experiences with these medical check-ups in the context of academic research.
Methods
The check-ups were carried out since November 2005 and comprised a questionnaire and a medical examination, including a pulmonary function test with whole-body plethysmography. Respiratory, nasal and ocular symptoms related to occupational exposure to animals were documented. Participation in skin prick tests (ubiquitous inhalation allergens and laboratory animal allergens), a bronchial provocation test with methacholine, and serological examinations for total IgE and specific IgE antibodies was voluntary.
Results
Data on 132 persons are presented. One hundred and six of these had already been exposed for at least 1 year. Main complaints at the workplace were sneezing and runny nose. Ocular symptoms and bronchial asthma were reported infrequently. The development of at least one of these symptoms occurred in 34% of employees with an exposure of at least 1 year. If the weekly exposure duration was at least 5 h, the proportion of employees with complaints rose to 44.9%. In employees occupationally exposed to mice and rats, work-related complaints occurred in 33.7 and 37.8%, respectively, and sensitisation rates were 12.7 and 16.3%, respectively. Employees with and without complaints differed in history of allergic symptoms, and workplace safety measures.
Conclusions
In employees with occupational contact with laboratory animal dust, the frequency of complaints was high. The results confirm the necessity of regular medical check-ups for employees with contact with laboratory animal dust. Nevertheless, the medical check-ups must be part of a prevention strategy including education, engineering controls, administrative controls, use of personal protective equipment and vocational integration.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Baur X, Chen Z, Liebers V (1998) Exposure-response relationship of occupational inhalative allergens. Clin Exp Allergy 28:537–544. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2222.1998.00276.x
Botham PA, Lamb CT, Teasdale EL, Bonner SM, Tomenson JA (1995) Allergy o laboratory animals: a follow up study of its incidence and of the influence of atopy and pre-existing sensitisation on its development. Occup Environ Med 52:129–133
Bush RK, Stave GM (2003) Laboratory animal allergy: an update. Occupational Health and Safety in Biomedical Research. ILAR J V44(1):1–26
Cullinan P, Lowson D, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Gordon S, Tee RD, Venables KM et al (1994) Work related symptoms, sensitisation, and estimated exposure in workers not previously exposed to laboratory rats. Occup Environ Med 51:589–592
Cullinan P, Cook A, Gordon S, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Tee RG, Venables KM et al (1999) Allergen exposure, atopy and smoking as determinants of allergy to rats in a cohort of laboratory employees. Eur Respir J 13:1139–1143. doi:10.1034/j.1399-3003.1999.13e33.x
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Arbeitsmedizin und Umweltmedizin e V. (DGAUM) (2004) Leitlinie Lungenfunktionsprüfung in der Arbeitsmedizin. http://www.dgaum.de
Fisher R, Saunders W, Murray SJ, Stave GM (1998) Prevention of Laboratory Animal Allergy. J Occup Environ Med 40:609–613. doi:10.1097/00043764-199807000-00005
Gordon S, Fisher SW, Raymond RH (2001) Elimination of mouse allergens in the working environment: assessment of individually ventilated cage systems and ventilated cabinets in the containment of mouse allergens. J Allergy Clin Immunol 108:288–294. doi:10.1067/mai.2001.117258
Hauptverband der gewerblichen Berufsgenossenschaften (ed.) Berufsgenossenschaftliche Grundsätze für arbeitsmedizinische Vorsorgeuntersuchungen. Gentner Verlag, Stuttgart 2004.
Heederik D, Venables KM, Malmberg P, Hollander A, Karlsson AS, Renström A et al (1999) Exposure–response relationship for work-related sensitization in workers exposed to rat urinary allergens: results from a pooled study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 103:678–684. doi:10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70242-3
Hollander A, Heederik D, Doekes G (1997) Respiratory allergy to rats: exposure–response relationship in laboratory animal workers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 155:562–567
Korpi A, Lappalainen S, Kaliste E, Kalliokoski P, Reijula K, Pasanen AL (2007) A multi-faceted approach to risk assessment of laboratory animal allergens at two facilities. Am J Ind Med 50:127–135. doi:10.1002/ajim.20424
Krakowiak A, Krawcyk P, Szulc B, Wisniewska M, Kowalcyk M, Walusiak J et al (2007a) Prevalence and host determinants of occupational bronchial asthma in animal shelter workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 80:423–432. doi:10.1007/s00420-006-0152-1
Krakowiak A, Wisniewska M, Krawcyk P, Szulc B, Wittczak T, Walusiak J et al (2007b) Risk factors associated with airway allergic diseases from exposure to laboratory animal allergens among veterinarians. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 80:465–475. doi:10.1007/s00420-006-0153-0
Lieutier-Colas F, Meyer P, Larsson P, Malmberg P, Frossard N, Pauli G et al (2001) Difference in exposure to airborne major rat allergen (Rat n 1) and to endotoxin in rat quarters according to task. Clin Exp Allergy 31:1449–1456. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2222.2001.01180.x
Lieutier-Colas F, Meyer P, Pons F, Hedelin G, Larsson P, Malmberg P et al (2002) Prevalence of symptoms, sensitization to rats, and airborne exposure to major rat allergen (Rat n1) and to endotoxin in rat-exposed workers: a cross-sectional study. Clin Exp Allergy 32:1424–1429. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2745.2002.01502.x
Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Putcha V, Gordon S, Heederik D, Nenables KM, Cullinan P et al (2003) Exposure-response relations among laboratory animal workers exposed to rats. Occup Environ Med 60:104–108. doi:10.1136/oem.60.2.104
Ordinance on Hazardous Substances (Gefahrstoffverordnung;GefStoffV). Federal Gazette. Dezember 23th 2004:I S 3758
Pacheco KA, McCammon C, Liu AH, Thorne PS, O’Neill ME, Martyny J et al (2003) Airborne endotoxin predicts symptoms in non-mouse-sensitized technicians and research scientists exposed to laboratory mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 167:983–990. doi:10.1164/rccm.2112062
Platts-Mills TA, Longbotton J, Edwards J, Cockroft A, Wilkins S (1987) Occupational asthma and rhinitis related to laboratory rats: serum IgG and IgE antibodies to the rat urinary allergen. J Allergy Clin Immunol 79:505–515. doi:10.1016/0091-6749(87)90369-1
Renström A, Malmberg P, Larsson K, Larsson PH, Sundblad BM (1995) Allergic sensitization is associated with increased bronchial responsiveness: a prospective study of allergy to laboratory animals. Eur Respir J 8:1514–1519
Schweitzer IB, Smith E, Harrison DJ, Myers DD, Eggleston PA, Stockwell JD et al (2003) Reducing exposure to laboratory animal allergens. Comp Med 53:487–492
Thulin H, Björkdahl M, Karlsson AS, Renström A (2002) Reduction of exposure to laboratory animal allergens in a research laboratory. Ann Occup Hyg 46:61–68. doi:10.1093/annhyg/mef022
Acknowledgments
The authors thank all participants for their co-operation. Parts of this paper have been included in the medical thesis (in preparation) of Meta Hager at the Medical Faculty of the University Erlangen-Nuremberg. Parts of this paper had been presented at the annual congress of the German Society for Occupational and Environmental Medicine (Mainz, Germany from 21st March to 24th March 2007) and at the Second World Congress on Work-Related and Environmental Allergy (13–16 June 2007, Weimar, Germany).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Schmid, K., Jüngert, B., Hager, M. et al. Is there a need for special preventive medical check-ups in employees exposed to experimental animal dust?. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 82, 319–327 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-008-0338-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-008-0338-9