Abstract
Several studies have been done in Europe to evaluate exposure to dust and fumes in the rubber industry. However, different aerosol sampling devices have been used which perform differently depending on the environmental conditions and particle size distribution. To compare measurements of rubber dust and fumes among countries and surveys we initiated a field comparison of personal inhalable samplers using a novel reference inhalable aerosol sampler (CALTOOL). Measurements were done in four factories in the Netherlands, Sweden, Poland and Germany in the mixing and milling and curing department. The Seven-hole sampler, PAS-6 sampler, Millipore (25 and 37 mm) cassette, IOM sampler and a Polish sampler were mounted on the reference CALTOOL device and used simultaneously. All samplers except the IOM sampler under-sampled inhalable dust. To compare measurements from different studies and countries, correction factors should be applied to all but the IOM sampler, which was the only sampler that performed similar to the CALTOOL sampler.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
ACGIH (1999) Threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents and biological exposure indices. In: American conference of governmental industrial hygienists, Cincinnati, pp 85
Aizenberg V, Choe K, Grinshpun SA, Willeke K, Baron PA (2001) Evaluation of personal aerosol samplers challenged with large particles. Aerosol Sci 32:779–793
Baldwin PEJ, Maynard AD (1998) A survey of wind speeds in indoor workplaces. Ann Occup Hyg 42(5):303–313
CEN (1993) Workplaces atmospheres: size fraction definitions for measurements of airborne particles in the workplaces, CEN Standard EN 481. Comité Européen de Normalisation, Brussels
Cherrie JW, Schneider T, Spankie S, Quinn M (1996) A new method for structured, subjective assessments of past exposures. Occup Hyg 3:75–83
De Vocht F, Straif K, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Hagmar L, Sorahan T, Burstyn I, Vermeulen R, Kromhout H (2005) A database of exposures in the rubber manufacturing industry: design and quality control. Ann Occup Hyg 49(8):691–701
Dost AA, Redman D, Cox G (2000) Exposure to rubber fume and rubber process dust in the general rubber goods, tyre manufacturing and retread industries. Ann Occup Hyg 44(5):329–342
European Committee for Standardization (CEN) NEN-EN 13205 (1998) Workplace atmospheres—assessment of performance of instruments for measurement of airborne particulate concentrations, Brussels
EPA (1997) Exposure factors handbook. Office of research and development. National Center for Environmental Assessment. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC 20460
Fracasso ME, Franceschetti P, Mossini E, Tieghi S, Perbelli L, Romeo L (1999) Exposure to mutagenic airborne particulate in a rubber manufacturing plant. Mutat Res 441(1):43–51
ISO (1995) Air quality-particle size fraction definition for health-related sampling, ISO Standard 7708. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva
Kenny L, Aitken R, Chalmers C, Fabries F, Gonzales-Fernandez E, Kromhout H, Liden G, Mark D, Riediger G, Prodi V (1997) A collaborative European study of personal inhalable aerosol sampler performance. Ann Occup Hyg 41(2):135–153
Koch W, Dunkhorst W, Lodding H, Thomassen Y, Skaugset NP, Nikano A, Vincent J (2002) Evalution of the Respicon® as a personal inhalable sampler in industrial environments. J Environ Monit 4:657–662
Kromhout H, Swuste P, Boleij JS (1994) Empirical modelling of chemical exposure in the rubber-manufacturing industry. Ann Occup Hyg 38(1):3–22
Kromhout H, Witscher O, Koch W, Lidén G, Aitken R, Mark D (2006) In situ testing of a alibration tool for workplace aerosol samplers (CALTOOL). Ann Occup Hyg (provisionally accepted)
Li SN, Lundgren DA, Rovel-Rixx D (2000) Evaluation of six inhalable aerosol samplers. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 61:506–516
Lidén G, Bergman G (2001) Weighing imprecision and handleability of the sampling cassettes of the IOM sampler for inhalable dust. Ann Occup Hyg 45(3):241–252
Mark D, Vincent JH (1986) A new personal sampler for airborne total dust in workplaces. Ann Occup Hyg 30(1):89–102
Mark D, Aitken R, Witscher O, Liden G, Koch W, Kromhout H. Development of a novel calibration tool for workplace aerosol samplers. In: Final report, November 2003. European union 5th framework SMT4-CT98–2254
McCulloch CE, Searle SR (2001) Generalized, linear, and mixed models. Wiley-Interscience Publications, New York
Meijer E. Heederik D, Kromhout H (1998) Pulmonary effects of inhaled dust and fumes: exposure-response study in rubber workers. Am J Ind Med 33:16–23
Rogaczewska T, Ligocka D (1994) Occupational exposure to coal tar pitch volatiles, benzo/a/pyrene and dust in tyre production. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 7(4):379–386
Smith JP, Bartley DL, Kennedy ER (1998) Laboratory investigation of the mass stability of sampling cassettes from inhalable aerosol samplers. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 59(8):582–585
Straughan JK (1998) Cancer risk in the rubber industry: a review of recent epidemiological evidence. Occup Environ Med 55(1):1–2
Swuste P, Kromhout H, Drown D (1993) Prevention and control of chemical exposures in the rubber manufacturing industry in The Netherlands. Ann Occup Hyg 37:117–134
Szadkowska-Stanczyk I, Wilczynska U, Sobala W, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N (2001) Occupational exposure to chemicals in the manufacture of rubber tires. Medycyna Pracy 52(6):401–408
Kuile WM (1984) Vergleichsmessungen mit verschiedenen Geraten zur Bestimmung der Gesamtstaubkonzentration am Arbeitsplatz: Teil II. Staub-Reinhaltung der Luft 44:211–216
Vermeulen R, De Hartog J, Swuste P, Kromhout H (2000a) Trends in exposure to inhalable particulate and dermal contamination in the rubber manufacturing industry: effectiveness of control measures implemented in a nine-year period. Ann Occup Hyg 44(5):343–354
Witscher O, Grinshpun SA, Fauvel S, Basso G (2004) Performance of personal inhalable aerosol samplers in very slow moving air when facing the aerosol source. Ann Occup Hyg 48(4):351–368
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Bart Roberti, Barbara Piorworska, Per Tevebring, Kay Anders, Dirk Taeger and Thomas Clemens and Karl-Heinz Bedemann for facilitating the measurements at the factories in the Netherlands, Sweden, Poland and Germany. Furthermore, we would like to acknowledge Wolfgang Koch and Wilhelm Dunkhorst for their support with the second CALTOOL device and David Mark and Göran Lidén for their discussion of these results. This study was funded by a grant of the Quality of Life and Management of Living Resources Programme in the European Union 6th framework (Contract no. QLK4-CT-2001–00160 and QLRT-2001-02786) and was done on behalf of the EU-EXASRUB consortium—F. Baarslag, K. H. Bedemann, U. Bergendorf, I. Burstyn, A. A. Dost, L. Hagmar, M. Heise, K. Jakobsson, B. Jonsson, C. L. Kenmore, H. Kromhout, L. Nichols, B. Peplonska, W. Sobala, T. Sorahan, K. Straif, P. Swuste, N. Szeszenia-Dabrowska, D. Taeger, R. Vermeulen, F. G. de Vocht.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
de Vocht, F., Huizer, D., Prause, M. et al. Field comparison of inhalable aerosol samplers applied in the european rubber manufacturing industry. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 79, 621–629 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-006-0087-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-006-0087-6