Abstract
Detection of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) became crucial in many clinical and forensic settings due to its increasing use for recreational purposes and drug-facilitated sexual assault. Its narrow window of detection of about 3–12 h in urine represents a major problem. Analogous to ethyl glucuronide, the recently identified GHB-glucuronide exhibits a longer window of detection than the parent drug. It appeared reasonable that a sulfonated metabolite of GHB (GHB-SUL) will also be formed. Due to the lack of an appropriate standard, GHB was incubated with a human liver cytosolic fraction to produce GHB-SUL. Following development of a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay to measure GHB and GHB-SUL, authentic urine samples (n = 5) were tested for GHB-SUL. These investigations revealed detectable signals of both GHB and GHB-SUL, strongly indicating that GHB is not only glucuronidated but also sulfonated. Given that sulfonated metabolites generally have longer half-life times than the corresponding free drugs, GHB-SUL may serve as a biomarker of GHB misuse along with its glucuronide.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Andresen-Streichert H, Sprys N, Schmoldt A, Mueller A, Iwersen-Bergmann S (2010) Gamma-hydroxy butyrate in serum and urine: additional data supporting current cut-off recommendations. Forensic Sci Int 200:93–99
Carter LP, Pardi D, Gorsline J, Griffiths RR (2009) Illicit gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and pharmaceutical sodium oxybate (Xyrem®): differences in characteristics and misuse. Drug Alcohol Depend 104:1–10
Galloway GP, Frederick S, Staggers FE, Gonzales M, Stalcup S, Smith DE (1997) Gamma-hydroxybutyrate: an emerging drug of abuse that causes physical dependence. Addiction 92:89–96
Hall J, Moore C (2008) Drug facilitated sexual assault—a review. J Forensic Legal Med 15:291–297
Wood DM, Davies S, Puchnarewicz M, Johnston A, Dargan PI (2012) Acute toxicity associated with the recreational use of the ketamine derivative methoxetamine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 68:853–856
Petersen IN, Tortzen C, Kristensen JL, Pedersen DS, Breindahl T (2013) Identification of a new metabolite of GHB: gamma-hydroxybutyric acid glucuronide. J Anal Toxicol 37:291–297
Dziadosz M (2015) γ-Hydroxybutyrate analysis in human serum with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry on the basis of M3 mass transition. J Chromatogr B 986–987:8–11
Dresen S, Kempf J, Weinmann W (2007) Prevalence of γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in serum samples of amphetamine, methamphetamine and ecstasy impaired drivers. Forensic Sci Int 173:112–116
Ingels ASM, Wille SM, Samyn N, Lambert WE, Stove CP (2014) Screening and confirmation methods for GHB determination in biological fluids. Anal Bioanal Chem 406:3553–3577
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Stephanie Hanisch and Nicole Stachel contributed equally to this work.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hanisch, S., Stachel, N. & Skopp, G. A potential new metabolite of gamma-hydroxybutyrate: sulfonated gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. Int J Legal Med 130, 411–414 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-015-1235-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-015-1235-x