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Evolution of pantellerite-trachyte-phonolite volcanoes by fractional crystallization of basanite magma in a continental rift setting, Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica

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Abstract

The Marie Byrd Land province includes 18 large (up to 1,800 km3) central volcanoes distributed across an active volcano-tectonic dome. The typical volcano structure consists of a basal 1,000–5,000 m of basanite surmounted by trachyte and subordinate intermediate rocks, plus phonolite, or pantellerite, or comendite. The volumes of felsic sections are large (~30–700 km3), but these rocks probably make up <10% of volcanic rock in the province. This paper describes pantellerite volcanoes in the Ames and Flood Ranges, which include a large and varied suite of these iron-rich, silica-poor rhyolites. Isotopic and trace element data, maintenance of isotopic equilibrium throughout the basalt-felsic range, and the results of modeling, all exclude significant crustal contamination and point to fractional crystallization as the process that controls magmatic evolution. The most unusual feature of these volcanoes is the apparent need to derive pantellerites from basanite, the long interval of fractionation at the base of the lithosphere and crust, involving kaersutite as the key phase in developing pantellerite, and a plumbing system that permitted coeval eruption of pantellerite and phonolite from the same edifice. Peralkalinity most likely developed in upper crustal reservoirs during the final 4–5% of magmatic history, by fractionating a high proportion of plagioclase under low pH2O. Mantle plume activity appears to drive doming and volcanism. This, a stationary plate, and continental lithospheric structure seem to provide an optimal environment for the evolution of a diverse, large volume suite of felsic rocks by fractional crystallization.

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Acknowledgments

Work on the origin of pantellerites in the Ames and Flood Ranges was supported by NSF Grant #0536526 (to WEL). SHC gratefully acknowledges the support of the Polar Academic Program (PAP), Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPR). WEL is grateful to Dan Barker for constructive review of an early draft of the manuscript, Stan Hart for permission to include three previously unpublished isotope analyses in Tables 2 and 1S, Gary Ernst for advice about amphibole stability problems, and Dave Underwood for a great deal of help creating the figures. Critical reviews by Jake Lowenstern and Kurt Panter sharpened the focus and significantly improved the presentation of the paper.

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  1. Samuel B. Mukasa

    Present address: College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824–3591, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309-0450, USA

    Wesley E. LeMasurier

  2. Department of Geology and Earth Environmental Sciences, Chungnam National University, 79 Daehangno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-764, South Korea

    Sung Hi Choi

  3. University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

    Y. Kawachi

  4. Department of Geological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Samuel B. Mukasa

  5. Department of Earth Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes, UK

    N. W. Rogers

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LeMasurier, W.E., Choi, S.H., Kawachi, Y. et al. Evolution of pantellerite-trachyte-phonolite volcanoes by fractional crystallization of basanite magma in a continental rift setting, Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica. Contrib Mineral Petrol 162, 1175–1199 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-011-0646-z

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