Abstract
Rutile is an important carrier of high field strength elements (HFSE; Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf, Ta, W). Its Zr content is buffered in systems with quartz and zircon as coexisting phases. The effects of temperature (T) and pressure (P) on the Zr content in rutile have been empirically calibrated in this study by analysing rutile–quartz–zircon assemblages of 31 metamorphic rocks spanning a T range from 430 to 1,100°C. Electron microprobe measurements show that Zr concentrations in rutile vary from 30 to 8,400 ppm across this temperature interval, correlating closely with metamorphic grade. The following thermometer has been formulated based on the maximum Zr contents of rutile included in garnet and pyroxene:
No pressure dependence was observed. An uncertainty in absolute T of ±50°C is inherited from T estimates of the natural samples used. A close approach to equilibrium of Zr distribution between zircon and rutile is suggested based on the high degree of reproducability of Zr contents in rutiles from different rock types from the same locality. At a given locality, the calculated range in T is mostly ±10°C, indicating the geological and analytical precision of the rutile thermometer. Possible applications of this new geothermometer are discussed covering the fields of ultrahigh temperature (UHT) granulites, sedimentary provenance studies and metamorphic field gradients.
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Acknowledgements
R. Altherr, R. Klemd and H. Marschall are thanked for providing samples. P.J. O’Brien is thanked for pointing TZ to outcrops relevant for this study. The aforementioned persons as well as P. Cartigny, M. Engi, S. Klemme, D. Lattard, A. Möller, T. Rivers and H. von Eynatten are acknowledged for stimulating discussions. We acknowledge M. Brown and P. Piccoli for letting us use the Microprobe Lab at the University of Maryland where the idea of this paper appeared. Official reviews by P.J. O’Brien and S. Harley helped to clarify this contribution. Financial support is acknowledged from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (ZA 285/2) and the Forschungspool of Universität Heidelberg.
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Appendices
Appendix 1
Sample description
Below is a brief description (using Kretz-abbreviation) of all samples with particular emphasis of rutile occurrence. About one third of the samples are thin sections that were described petrographically in earlier publications (DR-1, CHM 200, Z6-50-13, Z6-50-2, Z8-59-4, 1041, PD-1, B614, PT-62-A, ANA-287, ML-67). References for these samples are given at the beginning of the description and references of PT estimates for all samples are listed in Table 1 where further petrographic information can be found. Listing of minerals is ordered from most abundant to least abundant.
DR-1 (Samana)
Zack et al. (2004b). Lawsonite eclogite showing a primary assemblage of Gln, Grt, Omp, Phe, Lws, Pg, Qtz, Rt, Ap and Zrc. This assemblage is partly obliterated by small patches of finer-grained Pl, Pmp, Cam, Cal and Chl. Lws is partly replaced by Ep/Czo. Ttn is found inside the fine-grained patches and around Rt replacing it. Rt is found as inclusions of Grt, Omp and Lws and along grain contacts with primary phases.
SY-4 (Syros)
Glaucophane-bearing eclogite composed of Gla, Omp, Grt, Czo, Phe, Qtz, Rt, Ttn, Ap and Zrc. This rock shows no foliation. Grt forms poikiloblasts of different sizes with inclusions of Qtz, Rt, Omp and Gla. Rt is also found in the matrix where it is partly replaced by Ttn.
SY-14 (Syros)
Blueschist composed of Gla, Grt, Czo Qtz, Rt, Ttn, Ap and Zrc. Mostly isotropic rock with only a weak foliation defined by Phe and Gla. Grt forms large poikiloblasts with numerous inclusions of Qtz, Rt and Gla. Rt is also found in the matrix where it is partly replaced by Ttn.
CHM200 (Confin)
Meyre et al. (1999). Eclogite composed of Omp, Grt, Pg, Phe, Am, Qtz, Rt and Zrc. This rock exhibits a pronounced foliation defined by mica and Omp, as well as a centimeter-scale compositional layering. Two Grt generations are present, large porphyroblasts with inclusions of barroisite and small grains in the matrix and at cracks crossing Grt porphyroblasts. Rt occurs with mica in the matrix or as inclusions in Grt. The eclogite facies assemblage is extremely fresh, the only indication of amphibolite facies overprint being micrometer-thick symplectites of Ca-rich Am and Pl around Omp.
Z6-50-13, Z6-50-2 (Trescolmen)
Zack et al. (2001, 2002b). Eclogite composed of Omp, Grt, Am, Phe, Qtz, Pg, Rt and Zrc. Both samples exhibit a pronounced foliation defined by mica, Omp and streaks of Rt grains. Na-rich Am is partly aligned in the foliation and is partly crosscutting it. The eclogite facies assemblage is extremely fresh, the only indication of amphibolite facies overprint being micrometer-thick symplectites of Ca-rich Am and Pl around Omp.
Z8-59-4 (Trescolmen)
Zack et al. (2001). Pelitic schist composed of Qtz, Phe, Grt, Ky, Pg, Bt, Rt, Ilm, Ap and Zrc. The sample shows a pronounced foliation defined by white mica flakes and layers of Qtz. Bt only occurs as a retrograde product of Phe. Rt is distributed throughout the sample and is partly replaced by Ilm.
Z5-109-3 (Catalina Island)
Garnet amphibolite composed of Hbl, Grt, Zo, Pl, Hbl, Ttn, Rt, Zrc and Qtz. The rock shows a granoblastic coarse-grained texture with idiomorphic Grt and subidiomorphic Zo laths. Rt is found as mm sized agglomerates in the matrix, but was not found as Grt inclusion.
Z5-129-1 (Catalina Island)
Garnet amphibolite composed of Cpx, Grt, Pl, Hbl, Ttn, Rt, Zrc, Ilm and Qtz. The rock shows a granoblastic texture with Grt, Cpx and Pl. Rt occurs as small grains both as inclusions in Grt and in the matrix and is partly replaced by Ilm and/or Ttn. Late Hbl overgrows all other phases.
Z5-129-2a (Catalina Island)
Garnet amphibolite composed of Hbl, Grt, Pl, Cpx, Ttn, Rt, Zrc, Ilm and Qtz. The rock shows a granoblastic texture with Grt and Hbl. Oriented Hbl defines a weak foliation. Texturally older Cpx only occurs as relics with irregular grain boundaries surrounded by Hbl. Rt occurs as small inclusions in Grt and in the matrix where it is partly replaced by Ilm and/or Ttn. This sample is from the same outcrop (HGB of Sorensen 1988) as Z5-129-1, where the latter is from the core of a ca. 100 m size block and Z5-129-2a from the rim.
Z5-130-4 (Catalina Island)
Garnet amphibolite composed of Grt and Hbl, Rt, Chl, Qtz and Zrc. Grt porphyroblasts are overgrown by Hbl. Rt porphyroblasts of ≥1 mm are dispersed in the matrix with Hbl, smaller Rt occurs as inclusions in Grt. Pl found as continuous and elongated areas along Grt grain boundaries is interpreted as mimicking a melt phase; now it is dark due to numerous Zo needles.
Z5-2-2 (Alpe Arami)
Eclogite composed of Omp, Grt, Zo, Rt, Qtz and Zrc. Texture is formed by elongated grains of Grt and Omp and agglomerates of small Rt grains. Rt occurs as inclusions in Omp and Grt. Zo occurs almost exclusively as inclusions in Omp or around it.
Z5-2-4 (Alpe Arami)
Eclogite composed of Omp, Grt, Zo, Rt, Qtz, Zrc, and Hbl. Texture is formed by elongated grains of Grt and Omp and agglomerates of small Rt grains. Rt occurs as inclusions in Omp and Grt. Some pyroxene grains are replaced by a fine-grained symplectite. Hbl is late and is located among grains of other phases.
Z02-601-1, Z02-603-1 (Hengshan)
Mafic granulite composed of Cpx, Grt, Pl, Hbl, Opx, Qtz, Bt, Ilm, Rt and Zrc. Grt has Qtz, Pl, Ilm, Rt, Zrc inclusions; its rims are replaced by a series of symplectites consisting of Pl + Hbl, or Pl + Ilm, which separate Grt grains from pyroxenes. Former large pyroxene (assumed to be Omp) is replaced by fine-grained Cpx + Pl ± Hbl symplectites. Hbl porphyroblasts occur in the matrix and are partially replaced by Bt. Rt is rare and occurs in the matrix or as inclusions in Grt partially replaced by Ilm.
Z02-604-2 (Hengshan)
Mafic granulite composed of Cpx, Grt, Pl, Opx, Qtz, Bt, Ilm, Rt, Zrc. Grt occurs in agglomerates of small grains, surrounded by late Hbl and Bt, or as described previously. Opx porphyroblast is surrounded by a corona of Cpx, but in general pyroxenes are replaced by a Pl + pyroxenes symplectite. Late Hbl and Bt overgrow all other phases.
1041 (Sneznik)
Klemd and Bröcker (1999). Mafic granulite composed of Cpx, Qtz, Grt, Pl, Bt, Cpx, Rt, Ky and Zrc. Granoblastic texture, with poikiloblasts of Cpx and Grt having inclusions of Qtz, Pl and Rt. Polycrystalline Qtz inside Grt has been interpreted as former coesite. Bt appears to be part of the primary assemblage.
PD-1 (Andrelândia)
Moraes et al. (2003). Felsic granulite composed of Qtz, Or with oligoclase exsolution, Grt, Ky, Bt, Rt, Zrc. Layered rock formed by bands richer in Grt and Ky and leucosome of granitic composition with some corroded grains of Grt and Ky. Rt occurs in matrix and as inclusions in Grt.
SB-3a, SB-4 (Saidenbach)
Paragneiss composed of Qtz, Phe, Grt, Pl, Ky, Or, Bt, Rt, Zrc, graphite and diamond. Weak foliation defined by Phe and rare graphite flakes. Grt porphyroblasts and irregular Ky grains are equally distributed, bearing inclusions of Rt, large Zrc and diamond. Only cores of Grt porphyroblasts with inclusion phases and Ky were part of the peak metamorphic assemblage, while Pl, Or, Phe, Bt, graphite and a second generation of Grt formed during exhumation.
B614 (Epupa)
Brandt et al. (2003). Felsic granulite composed of Qtz, Grt, Crd, Pl, Bt, ternary feldspar, Rt, and Zrc. Large Grt porphyroblasts are replaced at rims and inside fractures by a symplectite made up of fine-grained Crd + Opx ± Pl and an outer rim of Opx and both can be replaced partially or completely by Bt. Rt is rare and occurs as inclusion in Grt or with symplectites that replace Grt. Areas of Bt growth are accompanied by a second generation of euhedral Grt. Rt included in euhedral Grt was not analysed.
2a, 2c, 2d (CSGC)
Felsic granulite composed of Qtz, Ky, Grt, ternary feldspar, Bt, Rt, Zrc, and Sil. Mylonitic texture with fine-grained agglomerates of Qtz, feldspar and Bt. Feldspar and Ky occur as porphyroclasts predating deformation. Rt is very rare with only three to six grains included in Grt per thin section.
W70 (Ysper)
Felsic granulite composed of Qtz, Or, Pl, Grt, Ky, Rt, Ilm and Zrc. Relatively fined grained Grt and Ky porphyroblasts set in a matrix of Qtz. Ternary feldspar is largely recrystallized to individual Or and Pl grains, except in inclusions of Grt and Ky where mesoperthite can be observed. Rt and Zrc are found as inclusions in Grt and as larger grains outside Grt.
WA-7, WA-9, WA-12 (Waldheim)
Felsic granulites composed of Pl, Or, Qtz, Grt, Bt, Sil, Ky, Rt, Zrc and ±St associated with the kornerupine-bearing layers described in Grew (1986). Coarse-grained rock, with Pl and Or slightly altered and recrystallized at rims. Grt porphyroblast, 2 cm long, has cracks filled with very fine grained Qtz, white mica, Bt and feldspar; the same intergrowths occurs at Grt rims together with coarse-grained Bt and an outer rim of extremely fine feldspar–quartz intergrowth. Feldspars in contact with Grt exhibit a rim of myrmeckite. Rt occurs in the matrix and as inclusions in Grt, Ky and Pl. When in the matrix it occurs as euhedral or xenomorphic grains. Rt occurs in direct contact with Zrc in the matrix and as inclusion in Grt. Sil occurs as fine needles restricted to some layers.
ML-67 (Anàpolis-Itauçu)
Moraes et al. (2002). Felsic granulite composed of Qtz, Spr, Opx, Sill, Grt, Rt, Ilm, Zrc. Spr and Qtz occur in grain contact or are separated by successive coronas of Sil and Opx, between them (Spr and Qtz) and Grt. Rt occurs in matrix, as exsolution needles in Opx, and as inclusions in Opx and Grt.
PT62-A (Anápolis-Itauçu)
Moraes et al. (2002). Felsic granulite composed of Qtz, Pl, Grt, Opx, Crd, Sil, Spr, Spl, Rt, Ilm, Zrc, Ap. Primary assemblage is formed by Spr + Qtz ± Opx ± Grt. Spr + Qtz + Grt were replaced by Spl + Crd + Sil + Rt as granular intergrowths. Grt rims were replaced by Opx + Crd corona or symplectite, which in turn were replaced by Bt. Rt occurs as inclusions in Grt and Opx, and is replaced by Ilm when associated with coronas or symplectites.
ANA-287 (Anápolis-Itauçu)
Moraes et al. (2002). Felsic granulite composed of Opx, Gt, Crd, Sil, Spl, Pl, Or, Bt, Rt, Ilm, Zrc. Banded rock, with granitic leucosome (Qtz, Or, Pl with residual Crd and Grt) and granulite composed of Qtz, Pl, Bt as well as porphyroblastic Grt and Opx. Grt porphyroblast is replaced by successive Crd and Opx corona, with Rt being replaced by Ilm, these coronas are replaced by a new generation of Bt. New Grt formed at this stage during melt-back reaction. Spl + Crd + Sil agglomerates occur in matrix. Rt occurs in matrix or as inclusions in Grt and Opx.fe3.
Appendix 2
Electron microprobe data of rutiles from rt–qtz–zrc assemblages. Zr concentration for samples SY-4 and SY-14 are determined by ion microprobe. Concentrations are given as parts per million
Texture | Al | Si | V | Cr | Fe | Nb | Zr |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DR1 | |||||||
m5.1 | BD | 128 | 1,316 | 371 | 3,770 | 281 | 35 |
m5.2 | BD | 127 | 1,355 | 319 | 3,669 | 202 | 37 |
m6.1 | 61 | 157 | 1,823 | 281 | 2,192 | 225 | 30 |
m6.2 | 51 | 128 | 1,805 | 322 | 2,168 | 361 | 37 |
m7 | BD | 134 | 2,305 | 369 | 2,242 | 254 | 33 |
CHM200 | |||||||
i2 | 114 | BD | 1,128 | 1,841 | 1,957 | 193 | 106 |
i3 | 140 | BD | 1,353 | 1,087 | 3,199 | 88 | 74 |
i4 | 210 | BD | 1,298 | 845 | 3,768 | 186 | 123 |
i5 | 136 | BD | 1,686 | 809 | 2,378 | 154 | 137 |
i6 | 276 | 114 | 1,278 | 576 | 4,853 | 180 | 115 |
i7 | 211 | BD | 1,400 | 553 | 3,548 | 163 | 129 |
i8 | 130 | BD | 1,659 | 788 | 3,931 | 144 | 101 |
i9.1 | 168 | BD | 1,101 | 1,053 | 1,993 | 159 | 75 |
i9.2 | 147 | BD | 1,237 | 1,064 | 2,815 | 163 | 146 |
m1 | 142 | BD | 1,666 | 1,517 | 3,521 | 108 | 125 |
m2 | 41 | 165 | 1,183 | 1,191 | 2,482 | 185 | 108 |
m3.1 | 118 | BD | 1,203 | 1,845 | 1,691 | 147 | 96 |
m3.2 | 103 | BD | 1,142 | 1,846 | 1,959 | 172 | 107 |
50-13 | |||||||
m5.1 | 126 | BD | 1,428 | 1,499 | 2,565 | 603 | 153 |
m5.2 | 93 | BD | 1,429 | 1,484 | 2,639 | 530 | 164 |
m6.1 | 142 | BD | 1,406 | 1,567 | 2,654 | 709 | 181 |
m6.2 | 105 | BD | 1,376 | 1,568 | 2,790 | 562 | 157 |
m7.1 | 87 | BD | 1,704 | 1,770 | 2,423 | 842 | 164 |
m7.2 | 81 | BD | 1,685 | 1,765 | 2,381 | 822 | 164 |
i2.1 | 92 | 54 | 1,346 | 1,434 | 3,049 | 740 | 181 |
i2.2 | 65 | BD | 1,387 | 1,456 | 2,968 | 739 | 162 |
i3.1 | 73 | BD | 1,557 | 2,063 | 2,626 | 768 | 171 |
i3.2 | 79 | BD | 1,659 | 2,138 | 2,744 | 839 | 169 |
i4.1 | 282 | 424 | 1,448 | 1,484 | 4,915 | 613 | 164 |
i4.2 | 126 | BD | 1,217 | 1,501 | 2,869 | 794 | 149 |
59-4 | |||||||
m1.1 | 52 | 176 | 782 | 450 | 3,559 | 1,849 | 164 |
m1.2 | 63 | 143 | 843 | 488 | 3,792 | 1,799 | 152 |
m2 | BD | 135 | 904 | 189 | 6,790 | 1,531 | 149 |
50-2 | |||||||
m1.1 | BD | BD | 1,801 | 666 | 2,317 | 246 | 142 |
m1.2 | 40 | BD | 1,761 | 690 | 2,256 | 299 | 135 |
m2 | 52 | 52 | 1,931 | 770 | 1,767 | 318 | 161 |
m3 | 54 | BD | 1,686 | 763 | 1,789 | 246 | 106 |
m4.1 | 84 | BD | 1,733 | 745 | 1,868 | 195 | 151 |
m4.2 | 271 | 557 | 1,754 | 804 | 2,741 | 325 | 166 |
m5.1 | 81 | BD | 1,849 | 830 | 1,815 | 318 | 169 |
m5.2 | 82 | BD | 1,767 | 751 | 1,929 | 296 | 164 |
2-2 | |||||||
i1 | 150 | BD | 1,822 | 1,144 | 3,613 | 142 | 323 |
i2 | 64 | BD | 1,944 | 1,073 | 2,435 | 158 | 263 |
i3 | 158 | 144 | 1,869 | 1,254 | 4,749 | 133 | 226 |
i4 | 65 | BD | 1,652 | 1,570 | 1,657 | 114 | 315 |
i5 | 164 | BD | 1,754 | 1,009 | 5,373 | 128 | 309 |
ic6 | 73 | BD | 1,496 | 1,176 | 1,331 | 136 | 505 |
i7 | 129 | BD | 2,271 | 1,583 | 3,717 | 143 | 271 |
i8 | 135 | BD | 2,386 | 1,556 | 3,774 | 139 | 250 |
m1 | 69 | BD | 1,625 | 2,000 | 986 | 117 | 292 |
i9 | 36 | BD | 1,924 | 1,438 | 929 | 136 | 430 |
m2 | 43 | BD | 1,570 | 1,334 | 1,289 | 146 | 331 |
2-4 | |||||||
i1 | 100 | 50 | 1,156 | 1,171 | 3,809 | 136 | 542 |
i2 | 147 | BD | 1,400 | 1,208 | 5,007 | 197 | 400 |
i3 | 143 | BD | 1,829 | 1,855 | 3,012 | 194 | 292 |
ic4 | BD | 131 | 1,033 | 796 | 1,420 | 278 | 444 |
i5 | 161 | BD | 1,740 | 1,724 | 2,757 | 179 | 308 |
i6 | 210 | BD | 1,659 | 1,138 | 3,253 | 132 | 271 |
m1 | 94 | BD | 1,128 | 1,085 | 571 | 309 | 182 |
m2 | 67 | BD | 1,162 | 1,082 | 849 | 280 | 372 |
i7 | 100 | BD | 1,659 | 1,033 | 2,734 | 137 | 300 |
ic8 | 87 | BD | 1,224 | 923 | 711 | 171 | 315 |
m3 | 94 | BD | 1,013 | 1,110 | 894 | 307 | 411 |
109-3 | |||||||
m1.1 | 110 | BD | 1,232 | 212 | 3,233 | 1,418 | 314 |
m1.2 | 264 | BD | 1,213 | 163 | 3,572 | 2,141 | 359 |
m1.3 | 153 | BD | 1,263 | 198 | 3,258 | 1,579 | 302 |
m1.4 | 177 | BD | 1,292 | 157 | 3,859 | 1,310 | 324 |
m1.5 | 454 | BD | 1,264 | 178 | 2,865 | 1,524 | 268 |
m1.6 | 205 | BD | 1,291 | 261 | 3,696 | 1,969 | 450 |
m2.1 | 99 | 58 | 1,194 | 264 | 4,648 | 1,695 | 270 |
m2.2 | 61 | BD | 1,220 | 273 | 3,556 | 1,761 | 191 |
m2.3 | 141 | BD | 1,308 | 281 | 3,685 | 2,522 | 255 |
m2.4 | 179 | BD | 1,310 | 254 | 3,172 | 1,949 | 279 |
m2.5 | 228 | BD | 1,326 | 289 | 3,349 | 1,959 | 375 |
129-1 | |||||||
m1.1 | 168 | 84 | 3,425 | 1,142 | 1,373 | 516 | 409 |
m1.2 | 82 | 153 | 3,268 | 1,102 | 1,832 | 430 | 426 |
i1.1 | 176 | 93 | 2,677 | 249 | 5,832 | 275 | 448 |
i1.2 | 205 | 81 | 2,289 | 257 | 5,516 | 294 | 450 |
i2 | 197 | 426 | 1,508 | 148 | 7,746 | 631 | 503 |
i3 | 288 | BD | 2,761 | 326 | 2,577 | 211 | 433 |
i4 | 297 | BD | 2,747 | 336 | 2,554 | 234 | 427 |
i5 | 1,512 | BD | 2,647 | 329 | 1,841 | 190 | 434 |
i6 | 166 | BD | 2,691 | 317 | 2,578 | 196 | 453 |
i7 | 187 | BD | 2,636 | 348 | 2,816 | 202 | 488 |
i8 | 176 | BD | 2,672 | 295 | 3,118 | 254 | 456 |
i9 | 178 | 90 | 2,649 | 313 | 3,810 | 237 | 477 |
i10 | 160 | 81 | 2,468 | 277 | 5,916 | 219 | 372 |
129-2a | |||||||
i1 | 213 | BD | 2,400 | 105 | 3,213 | 196 | 427 |
i2 | 188 | 89 | 1,647 | 74 | 6,182 | 160 | 411 |
i3 | 166 | 232 | 1,560 | 82 | 9,174 | 85 | 367 |
m1.1 | 125 | 81 | 2,468 | 180 | 2,524 | 992 | 410 |
m1.2 | 140 | 71 | 2,542 | 224 | 2,811 | 1,078 | 423 |
m2 | 39 | BD | 3,141 | 112 | 3,446 | 233 | 235 |
i6 | 152 | 59 | 1,970 | 64 | 5,895 | 153 | 393 |
130-4 | |||||||
i1.1 | 182 | BD | 1,049 | BD | 5,328 | 1,743 | 439 |
i1.2 | 191 | 92 | 1,057 | BD | 6,669 | 1,862 | 396 |
i1.3 | 203 | 73 | 1,020 | BD | 5,816 | 1,832 | 433 |
i2.1 | 552 | BD | 1,293 | BD | 3,543 | 1,797 | 489 |
i2.2 | 465 | BD | 1,303 | 37 | 4,384 | 1,826 | 456 |
i2.3 | 563 | BD | 1,321 | 37 | 3,616 | 1,808 | 521 |
m1.1 | 364 | BD | 995 | BD | 3,836 | 1,656 | 290 |
m1.2 | 218 | BD | 998 | 46 | 4,157 | 1,733 | 279 |
m1.3 | 415 | BD | 1,040 | 39 | 3,867 | 1,557 | 301 |
601-1 | |||||||
i1 | 65 | BD | 1,174 | 244 | 1,829 | 1,223 | 498 |
i2 | 101 | 139 | 975 | 253 | 5,970 | 457 | 351 |
i3 | 102 | 929 | 776 | 51 | 3,842 | 338 | 416 |
i4 | 60 | 120 | 881 | 119 | 11,038 | 253 | 581 |
i5 | 112 | 210 | 963 | 231 | 8,488 | 287 | 544 |
603-1 | |||||||
i1.1 | 88 | BD | 1,375 | 108 | 2,334 | 498 | 560 |
i1.2 | 69 | 59 | 1,319 | 152 | 2,179 | 481 | 492 |
i2.1 | 68 | 143 | 997 | 50 | 3,976 | 229 | 454 |
i2.2 | 74 | 110 | 1,059 | 42 | 3,927 | 267 | 467 |
i3.1 | 395 | 60 | 1,358 | 196 | 4,393 | 454 | 538 |
i3.2 | 330 | BD | 1,320 | 230 | 3,982 | 486 | 572 |
i3.3 | 180 | 55 | 1,367 | 221 | 5,425 | 515 | 621 |
604-2 | |||||||
i1.1 | 245 | 139 | 745 | 139 | 5,533 | 355 | 492 |
i1.2 | 165 | 125 | 1,153 | 86 | 5,482 | 349 | 530 |
i1.3 | 236 | 142 | 760 | 102 | 5,779 | 370 | 520 |
i1.4 | 245 | 122 | 765 | 89 | 5,727 | 376 | 525 |
i2.2 | 218 | 133 | 1,139 | 100 | 5,899 | 333 | 525 |
i2.3 | 421 | 295 | 1,152 | 103 | 5,653 | 307 | 550 |
SB-3a | |||||||
m1 | 402 | 112 | 1,200 | 371 | 3,131 | 5,014 | 492 |
m2 | 477 | 209 | 1,329 | 413 | 2,721 | 4,738 | 347 |
m3 | 291 | 86 | 2,033 | 872 | 4,835 | 4,940 | 332 |
SB-4 | |||||||
i1.1 | 861 | BD | 634 | 296 | 3,227 | 4,471 | 1,505 |
i1.2 | 859 | BD | 742 | 261 | 3,389 | 4,533 | 1,508 |
i1.3 | 892 | BD | 715 | 307 | 3,903 | 4,620 | 1,555 |
i1.4 | 846 | BD | 678 | 270 | 3,281 | 4,624 | 1,548 |
i1.5 | 889 | BD | 714 | 284 | 3,227 | 4,368 | 1,511 |
i2 | 1,212 | 209 | 1,536 | 697 | 7,123 | 7,082 | 1,067 |
m1.1 | 546 | 111 | 1,644 | 574 | 3,189 | 6,126 | 1,013 |
m1.2 | 598 | 145 | 1,764 | 620 | 3,194 | 6,921 | 1,012 |
m1.3 | 549 | 84 | 1,685 | 596 | 3,231 | 6,061 | 999 |
i3.1 | 771 | BD | 969 | 348 | 2,190 | 3,760 | 1,273 |
i3.2 | 737 | BD | 1,003 | 362 | 1,989 | 3,823 | 1,247 |
i3.3 | 675 | BD | 988 | 330 | 2,517 | 3,871 | 1,242 |
WA-7 | |||||||
i1 | 314 | BD | 4,222 | 1,080 | 1,000 | 2,368 | 3,781 |
i2 | 69 | BD | 5,731 | 1,166 | 894 | 2,413 | 3,714 |
i3 | 279 | BD | 5,595 | 1,175 | 2,513 | 2,351 | 3,620 |
i4 | 86 | 46 | 5,350 | 1,125 | 2,641 | 2,267 | 3,796 |
i5 | 273 | BD | 4,385 | 990 | 990 | 2,517 | 2,692 |
i6 | 139 | BD | 4,623 | 857 | 919 | 2,923 | 5,365 |
i7 | 282 | BD | 4,963 | 1,100 | 1,244 | 2,316 | 3,365 |
i8 | 252 | BD | 4,929 | 1,147 | 2,302 | 2,445 | 3,353 |
m1 | 91 | BD | 3,324 | 1,325 | 1,771 | 1,934 | 2,840 |
m2 | 144 | BD | 4,405 | 1,754 | 1,581 | 2,210 | 3,589 |
m3 | BD | BD | 4,867 | 1,923 | 1,796 | 2,216 | 3,535 |
m4 | 250 | BD | 4,670 | 2,019 | 1,476 | 2,196 | 3,578 |
ik9 | 811 | BD | 1,115 | 1,096 | 4,580 | 2,156 | 431 |
WA-9 | |||||||
i1 | 149 | BD | 5,031 | 1,766 | 1,448 | 3,147 | 2,895 |
i2 | 161 | BD | 4,629 | 1,863 | 1,366 | 3,627 | 2,701 |
i3 | 202 | BD | 4,575 | 1,482 | 2,288 | 2,962 | 3,294 |
m1 | 273 | BD | 4,160 | 1,101 | 1,758 | 3,016 | 2,761 |
i4 | 39 | BD | 5,636 | 1,811 | 1,816 | 2,925 | 3,332 |
i5 | 239 | 80 | 5,221 | 1,773 | 2,414 | 2,208 | 2,980 |
i6a | 117 | 231 | 4,813 | 1,457 | 2,301 | 881 | 230 |
i7 | 62 | BD | 5,248 | 1,703 | 1,443 | 2,479 | 3,149 |
i8 | 141 | BD | 5,513 | 1,732 | 874 | 3,087 | 3,328 |
m2 | 69 | BD | 4,990 | 2,015 | 1,591 | 2,953 | 3,401 |
m3 | 316 | 57 | 4,024 | 1,653 | 1,358 | 3,037 | 3,334 |
m4 | 170 | 191 | 4,079 | 1,616 | 1,169 | 3,061 | 3,433 |
m5 | 77 | BD | 4,799 | 1,736 | 1,243 | 2,965 | 3,327 |
WA-12 | |||||||
i1 | 383 | 247 | 1,570 | 330 | 5,480 | 1,127 | 1,868 |
i2 | 289 | BD | 2,597 | 412 | 2,932 | 1,317 | 2,066 |
i3 | 337 | 184 | 585 | 214 | 6,206 | 1,635 | 1,668 |
i4 | 468 | BD | 646 | 200 | 5,016 | 2,908 | 1,367 |
i5 | 453 | BD | 591 | 296 | 5,104 | 2,748 | 2,027 |
i6 | 142 | 211 | 918 | 265 | 6,827 | 2,759 | 2,670 |
m1 | 73 | 111 | 3,888 | 1,619 | 1,855 | 3,191 | 2,786 |
m2 | 168 | BD | 4,806 | 1,530 | 1,878 | 3,027 | 2,935 |
m3 | 149 | BD | 4,643 | 1,376 | 2,519 | 4,516 | 3,498 |
m4 | 154 | BD | 3,950 | 1,628 | 1,857 | 2,775 | 3,025 |
m5 | 174 | BD | 4,296 | 1,578 | 2,107 | 3,624 | 2,723 |
m6 | 134 | BD | 4,561 | 1,544 | 2,239 | 4,207 | 3,346 |
2a | |||||||
i1 | 384 | 139 | 3,950 | 482 | 7,763 | 1,887 | 1,412 |
i2 | 530 | 116 | 3,508 | 1,043 | 6,821 | 2,365 | 1,470 |
i3 | 398 | 136 | 3,059 | 710 | 7,174 | 1,914 | 1,530 |
2c | |||||||
i1 | 406 | 247 | 3,814 | 718 | 8,601 | 2,665 | 1,529 |
i2 | 388 | 227 | 3,773 | 695 | 8,479 | 2,611 | 1,525 |
i3 | 215 | 101 | 4,425 | 1,204 | 4,627 | 1,884 | 1,577 |
i4 | 284 | BD | 4,575 | 1,154 | 4,177 | 1,692 | 1,133 |
i5 | 509 | 131 | 3,209 | 1,032 | 6,647 | 1,983 | 611 |
2d | |||||||
ik1 | 357 | 84 | 4,405 | 1,213 | 2,156 | 1,546 | 1,327 |
i2 | 234 | 129 | 3,793 | 903 | 9,410 | 1,774 | 1,554 |
i3 | 452 | 130 | 3,562 | 841 | 3,048 | 2,213 | 793 |
i4 | 691 | 188 | 3,583 | 1,002 | 1,657 | 1,775 | 934 |
i5 | 200 | 122 | 3,392 | 1,460 | 10,937 | 1,778 | 1,493 |
m1 | 93 | 558 | 2,930 | 1,302 | 1,708 | 1,098 | 1,321 |
i6 | 67 | 167 | 6,077 | 1,332 | 5,222 | 1,362 | 1,594 |
PD1 | |||||||
i1.1 | 138 | BD | 2,209 | 452 | 1,758 | 3,941 | 1,394 |
i1.2 | 93 | BD | 2,264 | 436 | 1,978 | 3,984 | 1,404 |
i2.1 | 134 | BD | 687 | 172 | 4,954 | 1,752 | 784 |
i2.2 | 134 | BD | 687 | 207 | 4,860 | 1,773 | 838 |
i3 | 127 | BD | 1,047 | 217 | 2,798 | 1,424 | 839 |
i4 | 66 | BD | 6,030 | 1,154 | 870 | 2,612 | 926 |
i5 | 43 | BD | 5,615 | 1,115 | 764 | 2,669 | 854 |
i6 | BD | BD | 5,180 | 1,039 | 979 | 2,726 | 1,168 |
m1 | BD | BD | 5,554 | 2,375 | 526 | 1,925 | 1,380 |
ik7 | 307 | 75 | 1,217 | 501 | 2,139 | 3,168 | 329 |
i8 | 57 | BD | 836 | 342 | 2,938 | 2,124 | 795 |
i9 | 118 | BD | 965 | 376 | 3,216 | 2,240 | 1,025 |
m2 | BD | BD | 5,466 | 1,499 | 394 | 2,056 | 1,243 |
B614 | |||||||
i1.1 | 1,589 | BD | 605 | 42 | 8,770 | 16,807 | 3,635 |
i1.2 | 1,526 | BD | 666 | BD | 8,198 | 16,905 | 3,681 |
i2.1 | 1,967 | 50 | 1,271 | 46 | 17,183 | 27,961 | 7,127 |
i2.2 | 1,905 | BD | 1,366 | 42 | 17,110 | 28,542 | 7,276 |
m1 | 257 | 274 | 619 | BD | 8,396 | 14,351 | 1,053 |
m2 | 835 | BD | 829 | 45 | 6,699 | 14,152 | 2,628 |
1041 | |||||||
i1.1 | 78 | 112 | 1,149 | 72 | 4,036 | 538 | 660 |
i1.2 | 68 | 57 | 1,183 | 59 | 3,829 | 531 | 646 |
i2 | 414 | 198 | 1,536 | 176 | 6,581 | 256 | 1,390 |
i3 | 180 | 158 | 1,591 | 294 | 8,464 | 369 | 631 |
i4 | 175 | 111 | 1,937 | 458 | 4,615 | 734 | 1,630 |
i5.1 | 75 | BD | 1,210 | 216 | 4,252 | 471 | 1,568 |
i5.2 | 58 | BD | 1,271 | 317 | 3,988 | 475 | 1,586 |
m1.1 | 40 | BD | 1,298 | 260 | 3,552 | 453 | 1,735 |
m1.2 | 75 | 127 | 1,339 | 270 | 3,446 | 464 | 1,605 |
m2 | 63 | 86 | 1,271 | 286 | 3,031 | 449 | 1,691 |
W70 | |||||||
i1 | 202 | 487 | 2,828 | 446 | 5,914 | 897 | 2,934 |
m1 | 81 | 265 | 2,706 | 532 | 601 | 944 | 3,041 |
i2 | 265 | 247 | 2,474 | 365 | 8,769 | 821 | 4,803 |
m2 | 59 | 352 | 3,773 | 589 | 1,536 | 1,514 | 3,695 |
m3 | 121 | 294 | 2,882 | 422 | 4,918 | 904 | 2,941 |
i3 | 162 | 143 | 2,508 | 378 | 6,633 | 1,063 | 3,876 |
i4 | 140 | 232 | 2,617 | 382 | 5,898 | 1,128 | 3,906 |
PT-62-A | |||||||
i1 | 61 | BD | 3,078 | 223 | 5,665 | 3,039 | 3,251 |
i2.1 | 378 | BD | 3,249 | 874 | 5,623 | 3,742 | 5,344 |
i2.2 | 296 | 46 | 3,226 | 903 | 6,871 | 3,830 | 5,358 |
i3.1 | 141 | BD | 3,157 | 374 | 5,420 | 3,649 | 4,850 |
i3.2 | 154 | BD | 3,205 | 378 | 5,767 | 3,722 | 4,818 |
i4 | 58 | BD | 3,614 | 385 | 3,133 | 1,454 | 5,402 |
i5 | 247 | BD | 3,981 | 429 | 3,726 | 2,307 | 5,623 |
i6 | 91 | 106 | 3,648 | 519 | 4,213 | 2,077 | 5,462 |
i7 | 86 | BD | 4,116 | 464 | 4,928 | 2,380 | 5,442 |
i8 | 277 | BD | 4,268 | 340 | 9,639 | 2,412 | 5,595 |
i9.1 | 42 | BD | 3,697 | 525 | 3,293 | 1,685 | 5,363 |
i9.2 | 77 | BD | 3,795 | 556 | 3,859 | 1,682 | 5,388 |
m1 | 54 | BD | 3,638 | 1,876 | 3,806 | 3,691 | 2,422 |
m2 | 332 | BD | 2,089 | 616 | 3,989 | 4,694 | 2,769 |
m3 | 289 | BD | 2,348 | 673 | 3,933 | 6,105 | 3,808 |
i10 | 272 | 107 | 3,309 | 325 | 7,328 | 3,931 | 3,852 |
m4 | 126 | BD | 2,124 | 714 | 4,226 | 5,889 | 949 |
m5 | 221 | 186 | 3,112 | 933 | 3,518 | 5,035 | 1,051 |
i11 | 537 | BD | 3,432 | 211 | 5,550 | 1,651 | 2,909 |
i12.1 | 105 | BD | 3,712 | 1,046 | 3,051 | 3,269 | 1,423 |
i12.2 | BD | BD | 3,661 | 1,079 | 3,045 | 3,228 | 1,913 |
i13 | 293 | BD | 4,483 | 704 | 5,791 | 2,600 | 5,489 |
i14 | 110 | BD | 4,780 | 1,744 | 3,340 | 2,611 | 4,317 |
m6 | 50 | 163 | 3,780 | 1,620 | 1,847 | 3,050 | 3,712 |
m7 | 221 | BD | 2,602 | 1,108 | 3,498 | 3,098 | 1,967 |
ANA-287 | |||||||
i1.1 | 305 | BD | 2,768 | 216 | 3,696 | 1,968 | 667 |
i1.2 | 259 | BD | 2,691 | 220 | 3,626 | 1,991 | 737 |
i2 | 78 | BD | 2,849 | 343 | 4,647 | 2,710 | 1,805 |
m1.1 | 301 | BD | 2,349 | 1,456 | 3,329 | 5,880 | 4,146 |
m1.2 | 112 | BD | 2,449 | 1,697 | 3,361 | 4,413 | 3,470 |
io3 | 144 | BD | 1,757 | 616 | 5,862 | 3,479 | 6,207 |
io4 | 124 | BD | 1,745 | 558 | 5,072 | 2,319 | 4,797 |
io5 | 298 | BD | 1,862 | 787 | 3,502 | 3,309 | 3,679 |
io6 | 219 | BD | 1,706 | 483 | 3,989 | 3,895 | 2,233 |
io7 | 138 | BD | 1,239 | 489 | 4,765 | 3,946 | 4,579 |
i8 | 235 | BD | 1,518 | 392 | 4,979 | 1,243 | 3,851 |
i9 | BD | BD | 1,927 | 448 | 6,330 | 1,107 | 2,532 |
i10 | 206 | BD | 2,406 | 924 | 8,461 | 10,236 | 1,911 |
i11.1 | 408 | BD | 1,863 | 718 | 2,188 | 372 | 234 |
i11.2 | 435 | BD | 1,888 | 701 | 1,631 | 659 | 444 |
m2 | 91 | BD | 1,602 | 583 | 1,711 | 734 | 517 |
m3 | 145 | BD | 1,782 | 704 | 1,787 | 1,018 | 1,315 |
m4 | 132 | 62 | 2,073 | 836 | 2,930 | 3,024 | 5,155 |
m5 | 141 | BD | 1,816 | 573 | 4,469 | 3,584 | 1,104 |
m6 | 215 | BD | 1,542 | 889 | 2,845 | 3,150 | 4,568 |
ML-67 | |||||||
i1 | 124 | 97 | BD | BD | 9,985 | 78 | 4,123 |
io2 | 65 | 206 | 109 | BD | 7,412 | BD | 6,847 |
m1 | 105 | 58 | BD | BD | 1,207 | 456 | 1,387 |
m2 | 128 | 241 | BD | BD | 1,115 | 106 | 850 |
m3.1 | 220 | 112 | BD | BD | 5,312 | 6,893 | 2,213 |
m3.2 | 236 | 64 | BD | BD | 5,282 | 6,906 | 2,203 |
m4.1 | 88 | BD | 115 | BD | 3,347 | 1,584 | 5,133 |
m4.2 | 110 | BD | 152 | BD | 3,128 | 1,487 | 5,073 |
io5 | 100 | 237 | 179 | BD | 5,099 | BD | 3,243 |
i6 | 78 | 165 | BD | BD | 7,109 | 51 | 5,037 |
io7 | 119 | 225 | BD | BD | 5,019 | 973 | 4,558 |
m5 | 105 | 212 | BD | BD | 5,203 | 1,149 | 3,901 |
m6.1 | 91 | 60 | 150 | BD | 2,010 | 1,134 | 1,572 |
m6.2 | 84 | 75 | 76 | BD | 7,511 | 1,217 | 1,683 |
m6.3 | 108 | 85 | 125 | BD | 1,916 | 1,259 | 1,848 |
m7 | 94 | BD | BD | BD | 3,322 | 1,845 | 1,355 |
m8 | 93 | 160 | BD | BD | 1,375 | 189 | 739 |
i8 | 98 | 146 | 215 | BD | 4,175 | 966 | 8,418 |
i9 | 216 | 200 | BD | BD | 6,710 | 814 | 3,475 |
m9 | 187 | BD | BD | BD | 1,974 | 649 | 2,329 |
m10 | 101 | BD | 129 | BD | 3,423 | 914 | 2,586 |
io10.1 | 347 | BD | 105 | BD | 11,551 | 14,460 | 2,914 |
io10.2 | 398 | BD | BD | BD | 10,824 | 14,574 | 2,949 |
i11 | 89 | 314 | BD | BD | 10,827 | 506 | 3,291 |
io12 | 126 | 308 | BD | BD | 6,431 | 819 | 2,631 |
SY-14 | |||||||
51 | |||||||
50 | |||||||
38 | |||||||
48 | |||||||
SY-4 | |||||||
40 | |||||||
28 | |||||||
36 | |||||||
33 | |||||||
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Zack, T., Moraes, R. & Kronz, A. Temperature dependence of Zr in rutile: empirical calibration of a rutile thermometer. Contrib Mineral Petrol 148, 471–488 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-004-0617-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-004-0617-8