Abstract
High-frequency ultrasound has been used to visualize depth and vascularization of cutaneous neoplasms, but little has been synthesized as a review for a robust level of evidence about the diagnostic accuracy of high-frequency ultrasound in dermatology. A narrative review of the PubMed database was performed to establish the correlation between ultrasound findings and histopathologic/dermoscopic findings for cutaneous neoplasms. Articles were divided into the following four categories: melanocytic, keratinocytic/epidermal, appendageal, and soft tissue/neural neoplasms. Review of the literature revealed that ultrasound findings and histopathology findings were strongly correlated regarding the depth of a cutaneous neoplasm. Morphological characteristics were correlated primarily in soft tissue/neural neoplasms. Overall, there is a paucity of literature on the correlation between high-frequency ultrasound and histopathology of cutaneous neoplasms. Further studies are needed to investigate this correlation in various dermatologic conditions.
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
Introduction
High frequency ultrasound (HFUS) has been used in clinical dermatology to visualize the physical characteristics of cutaneous neoplasms, such as depth and vascularization [1, 2]. Despite the known clinical utility of HFUS, dermoscopy followed by histopathologic diagnosis of biopsy specimens remains the gold standard for dermatologic diagnosis [1, 2]. HFUS is used as a supplementary imaging modality in conjunction with current clinical practice to noninvasively visualize deeper skin tissue at bedside, similar to how dermoscopy is used for noninvasive microscopic evaluation of lesions at bedside [1, 2]. To ensure that HFUS provides accurate visual information regarding dermatologic conditions, it is critical to elucidate the correlations between HFUS and histopathologic appearance. Thus, the purpose of this narrative review is to demonstrate the similarities between HFUS and histopathologic findings for cutaneous neoplasms.
Materials and methods
The authors performed a search of the PubMed database with a combination of Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and controlled terms in April 2024; no filters on language or publication date were placed. Exclusion criteria included the following: articles that did not directly make comparisons between HFUS and histopathology/dermoscopy, articles that focused on lymph node evaluation, articles discussing cutaneous metastases of primary visceral cancers, and articles that primarily featured the use of ultrasound for internal organs or did not mention ultrasound at all. No language or time filters were placed on the search query. The search query returned 495 results. 62 duplicate articles were removed. 238 articles were excluded during title and abstract screening, and 63 articles were excluded during full text screening. A total of 132 articles are included in in this narrative review. Articles were divided into four categories based on World Health Organization classification of cutaneous neoplasms: melanocytic, keratinocytic/epidermal, appendageal, and soft tissue/neural neoplasms. The aim of this review was to determine the types of cutaneous neoplasms most frequently evaluated with HFUS, as well as the diagnostic accuracy of HFUS compared to dermoscopy and histopathologic findings. The articles considered in this review are summarized in Table 1. This was not a systematic review, and this article contains no new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Melanocytic cutaneous neoplasms
Investigation into the efficacy of HFUS for the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma demonstrates a strong correlation between histopathologic and sonographic findings. Specifically, there is a strong correlation between histopathologic and sonographic tumor thickness measurements [3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12]. In studies that specifically analyzed the correlation between measurements, the values ranged from r = 0.88–0.938 [3,4,5]. One study contradicted this strong correlation, suggesting that sonometric measurements of Breslow depth differed by 37% above and 48% below values obtained by histology in 95% of cases studied. This study limited its evaluation to malignant melanoma, excluding cases of melanoma in situ, which could account for the differences [13]. Possible causes of discrepancy between sonometric and histological values may be explained by inflammatory infiltrates, nevus cells, and adnexal structures like hair follicles [5, 14]. One study demonstrated an overall strong correlation between sonometric and histometric tumor thickness in 68 melanoma cases of r = 0.887 [4]. They found that thinner primary lesions, with a Breslow depth of around 1 mm, showed similar measurements 86.7% of the time [4]. Comparatively, lesions with a thickness between 1.01 and 2 mm, showed a correlation between sonometric and histologic tumor thickness only 72.2% of the time [4].
An additional study highlighted that ultrasonography tends to overestimate invasive lesions when comparing mean thickness to the complement Breslow depth from histopathology [15]. However, the data was still in strong agreement, with differences between modalities measuring 10.7% on average [15].
Overall, several articles provide strong statistical support regarding the correlation between HFUS and histopathology for depth of melanocytic cutaneous neoplasms. HFUS can be a useful adjunct for noninvasively determining melanoma depth [3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47].
Many studies highlighted the potential for ultrasound to provide auxiliary data for preoperative determination, such as determining surgical margins [48,49,50]. Ultimately, this could reduce the need for additional surgical interventions and improve patient outcomes. HFUS allows for immediate pre-operative measurement of tumor depth for accurate visualization of depth, which could help reduce the overall risk of recurrence [16,17,18]. In terms of other pigmented lesions, our search did not provide enough data to comment on the efficacy of HFUS. Several studies have investigated the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound findings in other types of melanocytic lesions including giant congenital nevi and blue nevi, but more research is needed to confidently determine the diagnostic value of HFUS in these cases [51,52,53,54,55].
Keratinocytic/epidermal cutaneous neoplasms
Most articles describing keratinocytic/epidermal neoplasms identified the utility of HFUS in identifying tumor margins and depth of invasion [56,57,58,59,60,61], with many detailing the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound and its comparison to histopathology and dermoscopy.
Several articles and case reports detailed the presence of areas within suspected BCC lesions that appeared hypoechoic and oval-shaped overall [62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88]. With continued, consistent reports of these findings, physicians would be able to assess a suspected BCC lesion with HFUS, but further assessments of the reliability, sensitivity, and specificity of this sign are needed. Of all the articles that correlated histopathologic findings of BCC with HFUS, the majority found the HFUS findings accurate, but not statistically significant. A significant impact on diagnosis was only identified when evaluating benign lesions and inflammatory skin disorders; the diagnosis of malignant lesions was not significantly improved with HFUS [89, 90]. Wortsman et al. ascertained that clinical examination plus HFUS was 97% accurate in comparison to 73% accuracy with clinical examination (inculding dermoscopy and any available laboratory testing) alone [89]. From the existing data, HFUS may have some role in the evaluation of size and depth of tumors, but not diagnosis, as imaging modalities such as dermoscopy and reflectance confocal microscopy are better suited for skin cancer diagnosis [85, 90].
SCC was also frequently studied in conjunction with BCC. These studies found ultrasound useful to assess morphology and depth of primary tumors [68, 69, 77, 91,92,93,94,95,96,97]. Benign lesions, BCC, and SCC all appear hypoechoic on HFUS. However, BCC and SCC tumors have more arcuate deep borders than benign lesions [84, 98]. A case report attempted to characterize the tumor morphology, vascularization, and elasticity of SCC through ultrasound, defining it as a well-defined, hypoechogenic lesion with hypodermal hypervascularization and increased rigidity [83]. While other reviews recognized the utility of ultrasound in assessing suspicious lesions, it is not a singular diagnostic method, as histopathology, the current gold standard, is highly accessible [96, 99]. More research is needed to characterize ultrasound’s diagnostic utility in keratinocytic/epidermal neoplasms.
Appendageal cutaneous neoplasms
Pilomatrixomas are appendageal cutaneous neoplasms defined as hair follicle tumors derived from hair matrix cells. Several studies were able to frequently identify characteristic HFUS findings that correlated accurately with histopathologic results, including one that studied over 150 pediatric patients [100,101,102,103,104]. On HFUS, pilomatrixomas appear as an ovoid complex mass at the dermal-hypodermal junction, presenting as a “target” lesion with a hypoechoic rim or halo around an irregular echogenic center with posterior acoustic shadowing, although this pattern was not always seen [100,101,102]. Specifically, in the study by Pelizzari et al., under 50% of the lesions showed the hypoechoic rim, and even fewer cases (below 30%) demonstrated a hyperechoic mass with posterior acoustic shadowing on HFUS [100].
Solid cystic hidradenomas, another type of appendageal cutaneous neoplasm, appear as a well-demarcated, echoluchent mass with hyperechoic protrusions on HFUS, consistent with solid material protruding from the cyst wall revealed on histopathology [105,106,107,108]. Trichilemmal tumors appear as a well-defined isoechoic nodule with hypoechoic curved lines that correspond to stroma between lobules on histopathology [109, 110].
Soft tissue/neural cutaneous neoplasms
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a rare soft tissue tumor that classically presents as a firm plaque on the trunk due to overgrowth of the dermis or subcutaneous fat. DFSP perhaps had the most strongly correlated HFUS findings with its histopathology [111,112,113]. One case report noted irregular infiltration of the tumor into adipose tissue along with significant hypervascularity [114]. More recently, several studies have described DFSP as oval hypoechoic dermal and follicular induction indicated by hyperechoic epidermal areas with tentacle-like projections into the subcutaneous fat [115, 116]. Hypoechoic areas with a storiform growth pattern on histology correlated with hyperechoic areas with a histologic honeycomb invasive pattern [114, 115, 117, 118]. Of note, one case study reported a DFSP originally mistaken on ultrasound for a lipoma; [119] thus, high clinical suspicion should still be used in cases where DFSP is on the differential.
In pediatric dermatology, HFUS was identified as a remarkable imaging modality to assess infantile hemangiomas, the most common vascular tumors of infancy [120]. The HFUS images not only provided valuable insights into the anatomical characteristics of hemangiomas, but also paved the way for histopathological correlations. Histopathological examination of infantile hemangiomas revealed dilated blood vessels, endothelial cell proliferation, and varying degrees of fibrous stroma within the lesions, aligning with the ultrasound characteristics of well-defined hypoechoic masses with peripheral hyperechoic halos and internal vascularity [120].
Doppler ultrasound is a valuable modality used to visualize blood flow, providing crucial insights into the characteristics of both rapidly involuting congenital hemangiomas (RICH) and non-involuting congenital hemangiomas (NICH). These vascular tumors are typically confined to subcutaneous fat and exhibit a heterogeneous appearance with occasional calcifications, along with multiple arteries and veins displaying high-velocity blood flow [121,122,123,124,125,126,127]. Histopathological analysis of RICH reveals well-defined, variably sized lobules containing small capillaries and prominent draining vessels in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue, while NICH presents well-defined large lobules of capillaries and draining channels that appear more dilated, larger, and thicker-walled. Additionally, interlobular areas in NICH contain fibrous tissue with prominent arteries, dilated and dysplastic veins, and arteriolobular and arteriovenous fistulae, as summarized in Table 2 [53, 54]. The histopathologic findings align closely with the observations from Doppler ultrasound, with NICH often exhibiting more vascular shunts than RICH [121, 128].
Moving beyond congenital hemangiomas, ultrasound has also proven valuable in evaluating other types of vascular tumors. For instance, a relatively uncommon type of hemangioma known as spindle cell hemangioma was evaluated using ultrasound in a case report by Kamiya et al. [129] The histopathologic findings revealed multifocal lesions consisting of dilated and congested vascular spaces and fascicles of spindle-shaped cells. Ultrasound examination showed a multinodular lesion with blood-flow signals in the dermis without contiguous veins, which corresponded with the rich vasculature observed on histopathology. [129]
A few articles were found in the literature review that specifically discussed the correlation between histopathology and HFUS for glomus tumors. The hypoechoic masses with internal vascularity, as visualized on ultrasound, were consistent with the presence of glomus cells arranged in nests and dilated vascular spaces observed in histopathological analysis [130,131,132]. These compelling findings not only emphasize the diagnostic value of ultrasound imaging in detecting and differentiating glomus tumors but also underscore the synergistic relationship between HFUS and histopathology.
Discussion
The current quality of evidence regarding the diagnostic accuracy of HFUS imaging in the diagnosis and management of dermatological conditions is low. By comparing ultrasound characteristics with histopathological results, dermatologists can improve diagnostic accuracy and gain a deeper understanding of how the HFUS appearance correlates with underlying histological features of skin neoplasms. Review of the literature revealed there are stuudies on the use of HFUS in dermatology, but a relative paucity of literature that rigorously assesses its use to test prospective and diagnostic or prognostic accurancy. Furthermore, there is an overall lack of evidence in the literature regarding the ability of HFUS to differentiate between in-situ melanomas and nevi. Benign nevi may appear the same as in-situ melanomas on HFUS due to lack of significant differences in depth; future studies may be warranted to investigate this.
It is important to note the possibility that small-diameter melanomas can be invasive and large-diameter melanomas can be in-situ, and HFUS can non-invasively differentiate between these because of its strong correlation to Breslow depth. Similarly, tumor depth of non-melanoma skin cancers may not necessarily be directly correlated with clinical diameter, further supporting the use of HFUS to determine concerning morphologic features and their effect on surrounding structures. A small-diameter non-melanoma skin cancer may have invasive characteristics that can be seen on HFUS.
There is evidence in the literature supporting the use of reflectance confocal microscopy for non-invasive diagnosis because of its strong correlation to histopathology [36, 37]. However, it is important to note that unlike HFUS, reflectance confocal microscopy lacks depth resolution. Thus, a combination of HFUS and reflectance confocal microscopy may be helpful for non-invasive diagnosis of cutaneous neoplasms. Future studies may help to elucidate the efficacy and practicality of using these imaging methods in conjunction.
Cutaneous neoplasms with the most frequently reported data on the diagnostic accuracy of HFUS include melanoma, BCC, SCC, and DFSP. Regarding melanoma and non-melanoma skin neoplasms, there is more documentation on the strong correlation between HFUS and histopathology regarding the depth of a cutaneous neoplasm. There are fewer articles that discuss the HFUS-histopathology correlation regarding the morphological characteristics of the neoplasm itself. Key takeaway points from this review are summarized in Table 1.
A key limitation of this narrative review is the lack of literature showing the use of HFUS to diagnose rare types of melanoma, including desmoplastic, nested, dermal, and mucosal. There is a wide variation in the amount of pigmentation in both melanomas and non-melanoma skin cancers. Thus, HFUS may be useful for elucidating concerning features of cutaneous neoplasms regardless of the amount of pigmentation. Based on the available evidence of HFUS use for common types of melanoma, HFUS also has the potential to assist with diagnosis of rare melanoma types. Further studies of HFUS in rare melanoma types may be warranted.
In conclusion, the current literature reveals strong evidence about about the ability of HFUS to accurately determine the size of cutaneous neoplasms, which could be helpful for procedural planning, but weaker evidence for morphological characteristics of cutaneous neoplasms. In some cases when histopathology is not regularly employed, such as hemangiomas, HFUS can provide visual information to guide diagnosis and management. Additional studies are warranted to rigorously investigate the correlation between histopathology and HFUS findings for skin conditions.
Data availability
No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.
References
Wortsman X (2021) Practical applications of ultrasound in dermatology. Clin Dermatol 39(4):605–623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2021.03.007
Catalano O, Roldán FA, Varelli C, Bard R, Corvino A, Wortsman X (2019) Skin cancer: findings and role of high-resolution ultrasound. J Ultrasound 22(4):423–431. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40477-019-00379-0
Chaput L, Laurent E, Pare A et al (2018) One-step surgical removal of cutaneous melanoma with surgical margins based on preoperative ultrasound measurement of the thickness of the melanoma. Eur J Dermatol EJD 28(2):202–208. https://doi.org/10.1684/ejd.2018.3298
Hayashi K, Koga H, Uhara H, Saida T (2009) High-frequency 30-MHz sonography in preoperative assessment of tumor thickness of primary melanoma: usefulness in determination of surgical margin and indication for sentinel lymph node biopsy. Int J Clin Oncol 14(5):426–430. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10147-009-0894-3
Hoffmann K, Jung J, el Gammal S, Altmeyer P (1992) Malignant melanoma in 20-MHz B scan sonography. Dermatol Basel Switz 185(1):49–55. https://doi.org/10.1159/000247403
Ruocco E, Argenziano G, Pellacani G, Seidenari S (2004) Noninvasive imaging of skin tumors. Dermatol Surg off Publ Am Soc Dermatol Surg Al 30(2 Pt 2):301–310. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.2004.30092.x
Schäfer-Hesterberg G, Schoengen A, Sterry W, Voit C (2007) Use of ultrasound to early identify, diagnose and localize metastases in melanoma patients. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 7(12):1707–1716. https://doi.org/10.1586/14737140.7.12.1707
Wortsman X (2012) Common applications of dermatologic sonography. J Ultrasound Med off J Am Inst Ultrasound Med 31(1):97–111. https://doi.org/10.7863/jum.2012.31.1.97
Botar Jid C, Bolboacă SD, Cosgarea R et al (2015) Doppler ultrasound and strain elastography in the assessment of cutaneous melanoma: preliminary results. Med Ultrason 17(4):509–514. https://doi.org/10.11152/mu.2013.2066.174.dus
Salmhofer W, Rieger E, Soyer HP, Smolle J, Kerl H (1996) Influence of skin tension and formalin fixation on sonographic measurement of tumor thickness. J Am Acad Dermatol 34(1):34–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0190-9622(96)90831-2
Oranges T, Janowska A, Scatena C et al (2023) Ultra-high frequency Ultrasound in Melanoma Management: a New Combined Ultrasonographic-Histopathological Approach. J Ultrasound Med off J Am Inst Ultrasound Med 42(1):99–108. https://doi.org/10.1002/jum.16096
Rallan D, Harland CC (2003) Ultrasound in dermatology–basic principles and applications. Clin Exp Dermatol 28(6):632–638. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2230.2003.01405.x
Partsch B, Binder M, Püspök-Schwarz M, Wolff K, Pehamberger H (1996) Limitations of high frequency ultrasound in determining the invasiveness of cutaneous malignant melanoma. Melanoma Res 6(5):395–398. https://doi.org/10.1097/00008390-199610000-00007
Wang SQ, Rabinovitz H, Kopf AW, Oliviero M (2004) Current technologies for the in vivo diagnosis of cutaneous melanomas. Clin Dermatol 22(3):217–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2003.12.008
Maj M, Warszawik-Hendzel O, Szymanska E et al (2015) High frequency ultrasonography: a complementary diagnostic method in evaluation of primary cutaneous melanoma. G Ital Dermatol E Venereol Organo Uff Soc Ital Dermatol E Sifilogr 150(5):595–601
Álvarez-Chinchilla P, Encabo-Duran B, Poveda I, Planelles M, Bañuls J (2018) Cutaneous metastases of melanoma presenting as sudden haematomas: clinical, dermoscopic and sonographic features. Clin Exp Dermatol 43(7):852–854. https://doi.org/10.1111/ced.13667
Hinz T, Wenzel J, Schmid-Wendtner MH (2011) Real-time tissue elastography: a helpful tool in the diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma? J Am Acad Dermatol 65(2):424–426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2010.08.009
Seidenari S (1995) High-frequency sonography combined with image analysis: a noninvasive objective method for skin evaluation and description. Clin Dermatol 13(4):349–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/0738-081x(95)00074-p
Hoffmann K, Happe M, Schüller S et al (1999) [Ranking of 20 MHz sonography of malignant melanoma and pigmented lesions in routine diagnosis]. Ultraschall Med 20(3):104–109. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-1999-14245
Pellacani G, Seidenari S (2003) Preoperative melanoma thickness determination by 20-MHz sonography and digital videomicroscopy in combination. Arch Dermatol 139(3):293–298. https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.139.3.293
Del Busto-Wilhelm I, Giavedoni P, Vicente A et al (2020) Ultrasound findings of proliferative nodule arising in a congenital melanocytic nevus. Melanoma Res 30(5):528–529. https://doi.org/10.1097/CMR.0000000000000565
Krähn G, Gottlöber P, Sander C, Peter RU (1998) Dermatoscopy and high frequency sonography: two useful non-invasive methods to increase preoperative diagnostic accuracy in pigmented skin lesions. Pigment Cell Res 11(3):151–154. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0749.1998.tb00725.x
Rallan D, Bush NL, Bamber JC, Harland CC (2007) Quantitative discrimination of pigmented lesions using three-dimensional high-resolution ultrasound reflex transmission imaging. J Invest Dermatol 127(1):189–195. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jid.5700554
Janowska A, Oranges T, Iannone M et al (2021) Ultra-high-frequency ultrasound monitoring of melanomas arising in congenital melanocytic nevi: a case series. Melanoma Res 31(6):561–565. https://doi.org/10.1097/CMR.0000000000000782
König K, Speicher M, Köhler MJ, Scharenberg R, Kaatz M (2010) Clinical application of multiphoton tomography in combination with high-frequency ultrasound for evaluation of skin diseases. J Biophotonics 3(12):759–773. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbio.201000074
Botar-Jid CM, Cosgarea R, Bolboacă SD et al (2016) Assessment of Cutaneous Melanoma by Use of very- high-frequency Ultrasound and Real-Time Elastography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 206(4):699–704. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.15.15182
Yu N, Wu L, Su J et al (2022) Preoperative ultrasound-guided Incisional Biopsy enhances the pathological accuracy of Incisional Biopsy of Cutaneous Melanoma: a prospective clinical trial in Chinese patients. J Ultrasound Med 41(11):2841–2848. https://doi.org/10.1002/jum.15972
Marghoob AA, Swindle LD, Moricz CZ et al (2003) Instruments and new technologies for the in vivo diagnosis of melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 49(5):777–797 quiz 798. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0190-9622(03)02470-8
Reginelli A, Russo A, Berritto D, Patane V, Cantisani C, Grassi R (2023) Ultra-high-frequency Ultrasound: a modern diagnostic technique for studying Melanoma. Ultraschall Med 44(4):360–378. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2028-6182
Kato M, Mabuchi T, Yamaoka H et al (2013) Diagnostic usefulness of findings in Doppler sonography for amelanotic melanoma. J Dermatol 40(9):700–705. https://doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.12200
Faita F, Oranges T, Di Lascio N et al (2022) Ultra-high-frequency ultrasound and machine learning approaches for the differential diagnosis of melanocytic lesions. Exp Dermatol 31(1):94–98. https://doi.org/10.1111/exd.14330
Wang YK, Gao YJ, Liu J et al (2022) A comparative study of melanocytic nevi classification with dermoscopy and high-frequency ultrasound. Skin Res Technol 28(2):265–273. https://doi.org/10.1111/srt.13123
Yu N, Huang K, Li Y et al (2023) The utility of high-frequency 18 MHz ultrasonography for preoperative evaluation of acral melanoma thickness in Chinese patients. Front Oncol 13:1185389. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2023.1185389
Kukk AF, Scheling F, Panzer R, Emmert S, Roth B (2023) Combined ultrasound and photoacoustic C-mode imaging system for skin lesion assessment. Sci Rep 13(1):17947. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-44919-5
Belfiore MP, Reginelli A, Russo A et al (2021) Usefulness of high-frequency Ultrasonography in the diagnosis of Melanoma: Mini Review. Front Oncol 11:673026. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2021.673026
Piłat P, Borzęcki A, Jazienicki M, Krasowska D (2018) Skin melanoma imaging using ultrasonography: a literature review. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 35(3):238–242. https://doi.org/10.5114/ada.2018.76211
Cammarota T, Pinto F, Magliaro A, Sarno A (1998) Current uses of diagnostic high-frequency US in dermatology. Eur J Radiol 27(Suppl 2):S215–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0720-048x(98)00065-5
Jovanovic DL, Pesic ZU (2013) Preoperative skin tumours thickness determination by high-frequency ultrasound on head and neck region. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 27(2):251–253. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2011.04276.x
Barcaui Ede O, Carvalho AC, Lopes FP, Piñeiro-Maceira J, Barcaui CB (2016) High frequency ultrasound with color Doppler in dermatology. Bras Dermatol 91(3):262–273. https://doi.org/10.1590/abd1806-4841.20164446
Jasaitiene D, Valiukeviciene S, Linkeviciute G, Raisutis R, Jasiuniene E, Kazys R (2011) Principles of high-frequency ultrasonography for investigation of skin pathology. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 25(4):375–382. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03837.x
Pathania YS, Apalla Z, Salerni G, Patil A, Grabbe S, Goldust M (2022) Non-invasive diagnostic techniques in pigmentary skin disorders and skin cancer. J Cosmet Dermatol 21(2):444–450. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.14547
Polańska A, Jenerowicz D, Paszyńska E, Żaba R, Adamski Z, Dańczak-Pazdrowska A (2021) High-frequency ultrasonography-possibilities and perspectives of the Use of 20 MHz in Teledermatology. Front Med Lausanne 8:619965. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.619965
Dinnes J, Bamber J, Chuchu N et al (2018) High-frequency ultrasound for diagnosing skin cancer in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 12(12):CD013188. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013188
Bhatt KD, Tambe SA, Jerajani HR, Dhurat RS (2017) Utility of high-frequency ultrasonography in the diagnosis of benign and malignant skin tumors. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 83(2):162–182. https://doi.org/10.4103/0378-6323.191136
Raza S, Ali F, Al-Niaimi F (2023) Ultrasonography in diagnostic dermatology: a primer for clinicians. Arch Dermatol Res 315(1):1–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-021-02307-x
Płocka M, Czajkowski R (2023) High-frequency ultrasound in the diagnosis and treatment of skin neoplasms. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 40(2):204–207. https://doi.org/10.5114/ada.2023.127638
Dybiec E, Pietrzak A, Adamczyk M et al (2015) High frequency ultrasonography of the skin and its role as an auxillary tool in diagnosis of benign and malignant cutaneous tumors–a comparison of two clinical cases. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat 23(1):43–47
Varkentin A, Mazurenka M, Blumenröther E et al (2017) Comparative study of presurgical skin infiltration depth measurements of melanocytic lesions with OCT and high frequency ultrasound. J Biophotonics 10(6–7):854–861. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbio.201600139
Meyer N, Lauwers-Cances V, Lourari S et al (2014) High-frequency ultrasonography but not 930-nm optical coherence tomography reliably evaluates melanoma thickness in vivo: a prospective validation study. Br J Dermatol 171(4):799–805. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.13129
Wortsman XC, Holm EA, Wulf HC, Jemec GBE (2004) Real-time spatial compound ultrasound imaging of skin. Skin Res Technol off J Int Soc Bioeng Skin ISBS Int Soc Digit Imaging Skin ISDIS Int Soc Skin Imaging ISSI 10(1):23–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0846.2004.00048.x
Raffin D, Zaragoza J, Georgescou G et al (2017) High-frequency ultrasound imaging for cutaneous neurofibroma in patients with neurofibromatosis type I. Eur J Dermatol EJD 27(3):260–265. https://doi.org/10.1684/ejd.2017.3015
Zarchi K, Wortsman X, Jemec GBE (2014) Ultrasound as a diagnostic aid in identifying neurofibromas. Pediatr Dermatol 31(4):535–537. https://doi.org/10.1111/pde.12310
Park K, Fukumoto T, Kuki C, Asada H, Kuwahara M, Kasai T (2014) A neonatal case of proliferative nodules in a giant congenital melanocytic nevus with histological evaluation. Int J Dermatol 53(4):e252–253. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.12282
Sahin MT, Demir MA, Yoleri L, Can M, Oztürkcan S (2001) Blue naevus with satellitosis mimicking malignant melanoma. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol JEADV 15(6):570–573. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-3083.2001.00324.x
Giavedoni P, Aranibar L, Wortsman X (2017) Colour Doppler ultrasound early diagnoses simulator of proliferative nodule in congenital melanocytic nevus. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol JEADV 31(9):e416–e418. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.14231
Vilas-Sueiro A, Alfageme F, Salgüero I, De Las Heras C, Roustan G (2019) Ex vivo high-frequency Ultrasound for Assessment of basal cell carcinoma. J Ultrasound Med off J Am Inst Ultrasound Med 38(2):529–531. https://doi.org/10.1002/jum.14706
Rohrbach DJ, Muffoletto D, Huihui J et al (2014) Preoperative mapping of nonmelanoma skin cancer using spatial frequency domain and ultrasound imaging. Acad Radiol 21(2):263–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acra.2013.11.013
Marmur ES, Berkowitz EZ, Fuchs BS, Singer GK, Yoo JY (2010) Use of high-frequency, high-resolution ultrasound before Mohs surgery. Dermatol Surg off Publ Am Soc Dermatol Surg Al 36(6):841–847. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.2010.01558.x
Catalano O, Alfageme Roldán F, Scotto di Santolo M, Solivetti FM, Wortsman X (2018) Color Doppler Sonography of Merkel Cell Carcinoma. J Ultrasound Med off J Am Inst Ultrasound Med 37(1):285–292. https://doi.org/10.1002/jum.14329
Jambusaria-Pahlajani A, Schmults CD, Miller CJ et al (2009) Test characteristics of high-resolution ultrasound in the preoperative assessment of margins of basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma in patients undergoing Mohs micrographic surgery. Dermatol Surg Off Publ Am Soc Dermatol Surg Al. ;35(1):9–15; discussion 15–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.2008.34376.x
Bezugly A (2015) High frequency ultrasound study of skin tumors in dermatological and aesthetic practice. Med Ultrason 17(4):541–544. https://doi.org/10.11152/mu.2013.2066.174.hfy
Bobadilla F, Wortsman X, Muñoz C, Segovia L, Espinoza M, Jemec GBE (2008) Pre-surgical high resolution ultrasound of facial basal cell carcinoma: correlation with histology. Cancer Imaging off Publ Int Cancer Imaging Soc 8(1):163–172. https://doi.org/10.1102/1470-7330.2008.0026
Vega N, Wortsman X, Navarrete N, Sazunic I (2018) Color Doppler Ultrasound supports early diagnosis of mixed high and low risk of recurrence subtypes in the same basal cell carcinoma lesion. Dermatol Surg 44(5):741–743. https://doi.org/10.1097/DSS.0000000000001328
Wortsman X (2013) Sonography of facial cutaneous basal cell carcinoma: a first-line imaging technique. J Ultrasound Med 32(4):567–572. https://doi.org/10.7863/jum.2013.32.4.567
Gupta AK, Turnbull DH, Foster FS et al (1996) High frequency 40-MHz ultrasound. A possible noninvasive method for the assessment of the boundary of basal cell carcinomas. Dermatol Surg 22(2):131–136. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.1996.tb00494.x
Alfageme F, Salgüero I, Nájera L, Suarez ML, Roustan G (2019) Increased marginal stiffness differentiates infiltrative from noninfiltrative cutaneous basal cell carcinomas in the facial area: a prospective study. J Ultrasound Med off J Am Inst Ultrasound Med 38(7):1841–1845. https://doi.org/10.1002/jum.14880
Mogensen M, Nürnberg BM, Forman JL, Thomsen JB, Thrane L, Jemec GB (2009) In vivo thickness measurement of basal cell carcinoma and actinic keratosis with optical coherence tomography and 20-MHz ultrasound. Br J Dermatol 160(5):1026–1033. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.09003.x
Stiller MJ, Driller J, Shupack JL, Gropper CG, Rorke MC, Lizzi FL (1993) Three-dimensional imaging for diagnostic ultrasound in dermatology. J Am Acad Dermatol 29(2 Pt 1):171–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/0190-9622(93)70162-m
Crişan D, Badea AF, Crişan M, Rastian I, Gheuca Solovastru L, Badea R (2014) Integrative analysis of cutaneous skin tumours using ultrasonogaphic criteria. Preliminary results. Med Ultrason 16(4):285–290. https://doi.org/10.11152/mu.201.3.2066.164.dcafb
Coppola R, Barone M, Zanframundo S et al (2021) Basal cell carcinoma thickness evaluated by high-frequency ultrasounds and correlation with dermoscopic features. Ital J Dermatol Venereol 156(5):610–615. https://doi.org/10.23736/S2784-8671.20.06576-1
Crisan D, Wortsman X, Catalano O et al (2024) Pre-operative high-frequency ultrasound: a reliable management tool in auricular and nasal non-melanoma skin cancer. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 22(3):357–365. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddg.15308
Wang LF, Zhu AQ, Wang Q et al (2021) Value of high-frequency Ultrasound for differentiating invasive basal cell carcinoma from non-invasive types. Ultrasound Med Biol 47(10):2910–2920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2021.06.006
Tanaka T, Tada Y, Ohnishi T, Watanabe S (2017) Usefulness of real-time tissue elastography for detecting the border of basal cell carcinomas. J Dermatol 44(4):438–443. https://doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.13578
Qin J, Wang J, Zhu Q et al (2021) Usefulness of high-frequency ultrasound in differentiating basal cell carcinoma from common benign pigmented skin tumors. Skin Res Technol 27(5):766–773. https://doi.org/10.1111/srt.13012
Wang SQ, Liu J, Zhu QL et al (2019) High-frequency ultrasound features of basal cell carcinoma and its association with histological recurrence risk. Chin Med J Engl 132(17):2021–2026. https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.0000000000000369
Chauvel-Picard J, Tognetti L, Cinotti E et al (2023) Role of ultra-high-frequency ultrasound in the diagnosis and management of basal cell carcinoma: pilot study based on 117 cases. Clin Exp Dermatol 48(5):468–475. https://doi.org/10.1093/ced/llad001
Dasgeb B, Morris MA, Mehregan D, Siegel EL (2015) Quantified ultrasound elastography in the assessment of cutaneous carcinoma. Br J Radiol 88(1054):20150344. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20150344
Morris MA, Ring CM, Managuli R et al (2018) Feature analysis of ultrasound elastography image for quantitative assessment of cutaneous carcinoma. Skin Res Technol 24(2):242–247. https://doi.org/10.1111/srt.12420
Piotrzkowska-Wroblewska H, Litniewski J, Szymanska E, Nowicki A (2015) Quantitative sonography of basal cell carcinoma. Ultrasound Med Biol 41(3):748–759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2014.11.016
Zaychenko Y, Kucher A, Mota I, Kiladze N (2022) PRE-SURGICAL DIAGNOSTIC PARALLELS IN BASAL CELL CARCINOMA OF THE SKIN. Georgian Med News 322:90–94
Janowska A, Oranges T, Granieri G et al (2023) Non-invasive imaging techniques in presurgical margin assessment of basal cell carcinoma: current evidence. Skin Res Technol 29(2):e13271. https://doi.org/10.1111/srt.13271
Laverde-Saad A, Simard A, Nassim D et al (2022) Performance of Ultrasound for identifying morphological characteristics and thickness of cutaneous basal cell carcinoma: a systematic review. Dermatology 238(4):692–710. https://doi.org/10.1159/000520751
Manea A, Crisan D, Badea AF et al (2018) The value of ultrasound diagnosis in the multidisciplinary approach of cutaneous tumours. Case report. Med Ultrason 1(1):108–110. https://doi.org/10.11152/mu-1034
MacFarlane D, Shah K, Wysong A, Wortsman X, Humphreys TR (2017) The role of imaging in the management of patients with nonmelanoma skin cancer: diagnostic modalities and applications. J Am Acad Dermatol 76(4):579–588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2015.10.010
Ballester-Sánchez R, Pons-Llanas O, Llavador-Ros M et al (2015) Depth determination of skin cancers treated with superficial brachytherapy: ultrasound vs. histopathology. J Contemp Brachytherapy 6(4):356–361. https://doi.org/10.5114/jcb.2014.47860
Oh BH, Kim KH, Chung KY (2019) Skin imaging using Ultrasound Imaging, Optical Coherence Tomography, Confocal Microscopy, and Two-Photon Microscopy in Cutaneous Oncology. Front Med Lausanne 6:274. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2019.00274
Piłat P, Borzęcki A, Jazienicki M, Gerkowicz A, Krasowska D (2019) High-frequency ultrasound in the diagnosis of selected non-melanoma skin nodular lesions. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 36(5):572–580. https://doi.org/10.5114/ada.2019.89505
Hinz T, Ehler LK, Hornung T et al (2012) Preoperative characterization of basal cell carcinoma comparing tumour thickness measurement by optical coherence tomography, 20-MHz ultrasound and histopathology. Acta Derm Venereol 92(2):132–137. https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-1231
Wortsman X, Wortsman J (2010) Clinical usefulness of variable-frequency ultrasound in localized lesions of the skin. J Am Acad Dermatol 62(2):247–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2009.06.016
Dorrell DN, Strowd LC (2019) Skin Cancer detection technology. Dermatol Clin 37(4):527–536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.det.2019.05.010
Ruiz-Villaverde R, Garrido-Colmenero C, Díaz-Martinez MA, Almodovar Real A, Ruiz-Villaverde G (2016) Sonographic features of keratoacanthoma. May ultrasound be a useful tool to differentiate it from squamous cell carcinoma? Int J Dermatol 55(4):e220–e223. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.13137
Tognetti L, Bertello M, Cinotti E, Rubegni P (2022) Acquired digital fibrokeratoma: first observation by high-resolution skin ultrasound and line-field confocal optical coherence tomography. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 88(2):275. https://doi.org/10.25259/IJDVL_1236_20
Bergón-Sendín M, Pulido-Pérez A, Carretero López F, Díez-Sebastián J, Suárez-Fernández R (2020) Cutaneous ultrasound for Tumor Thickness Measurement in squamous cell carcinoma: the Effect of Neoadjuvant Intralesional Methotrexate in 40 patients. Dermatol Surg 46(4):530–536. https://doi.org/10.1097/DSS.0000000000002139
Zhu AQ, Wang LF, Li XL et al (2021) High-frequency ultrasound in the diagnosis of the spectrum of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: noninvasively distinguishing actinic keratosis, Bowen’s Disease, and invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Skin Res Technol 27(5):831–840. https://doi.org/10.1111/srt.13028
Li MX, Wang Q, Li XL et al (2020) Imaging findings of Bowen’s disease: a comparison between ultrasound biomicroscopy and conventional high-frequency ultrasound. Skin Res Technol 26(5):654–663. https://doi.org/10.1111/srt.12849
Warszawik-Hendzel O, Olszewska M, Maj M, Rakowska A, Czuwara J, Rudnicka L (2015) Non-invasive diagnostic techniques in the diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma. J Dermatol Case Rep 9(4):89–97. https://doi.org/10.3315/jdcr.2015.1221
Sechi A, Alessandrini A, Patrizi A et al (2020) Ultrasound features of the subungual glomus tumor and squamous cell carcinomas. Skin Res Technol 26(6):867–875. https://doi.org/10.1111/srt.12888
Petrella LI, Valle HA, Issa PR, Martins CJ, Pereira WCA, Machado JC (2010) Study of cutaneous cell carcinomas ex vivo using ultrasound biomicroscopic images. Skin Res Technol off J Int Soc Bioeng Skin ISBS Int Soc Digit Imaging Skin ISDIS Int Soc Skin Imaging ISSI 16(4):422–427. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0846.2010.00448.x
Dreyfuss I, Kamath P, Frech F, Hernandez L, Nouri K (2022) Squamous cell carcinoma: 2021 updated review of treatment. Dermatol Ther 35(4):e15308. https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.15308
Pelizzari M, Giovo ME, Innocente N, Pérez R (2021) Ultrasound findings in 156 children with 169 pilomatricomas. Pediatr Radiol 51(11):2038–2046. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-021-05124-6
Hughes J, Lam A, Rogers M (1999) Use of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of childhood pilomatrixoma. Pediatr Dermatol 16(5):341–344. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1470.1999.00090.x
Ubals M, Castany A, Bassas P, Mollet J, Aparicio G, García-Patos V (2017) Utility of Ultrasound in a rapidly growing cutaneous nodule in an infant. J Pediatr 180:290–290e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.09.038
Rodríguez Bandera AI, Stewart N, Herranz Pinto P (2020) High-frequency ultrasonography of bullous pilomatricoma. Skin Res Technol 26(4):608–609. https://doi.org/10.1111/srt.12828
Giacalone S, Spigariolo CB, Brena M, Nazzaro G (2022) The role of high-frequency ultrasound in the clinical management of multiple pilomatricomas. Int J Dermatol 61(12):e465–e467. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.16100
Takasaka M, Saeki H, Ito K, Matsuo K, Ishiji T, Nakagawa H (2014) Skin ultrasound examination proves useful in diagnosing two cases of solid cystic hidradenoma. Int J Dermatol 53(2):e146–e147. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2012.05625.x
Horie K, Ito K (2016) Ultrasonographic diagnosis of nodular hidradenoma. J Dermatol 43(4):449–450. https://doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.13211
Wortsman X, Reyes C, Ferreira-Wortsman C, Uribe A, Misad C, Gonzalez S (2018) Sonographic characteristics of apocrine nodular hidradenoma of the skin. J Ultrasound Med 37(3):793–801. https://doi.org/10.1002/jum.14379
Gracia-Darder I, Arean Cuns C, García-Martínez FJ (2022) Cutaneous ultrasound: key diagnostic tool for the relapse of a single eccrine spiradenoma. J Ultrasound 25(3):729–732. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40477-021-00608-5
Miyachi H, Togawa Y, Yamamoto Y, Oguma R, Suehiro K, Matsue H (2016) Proliferating trichilemmal tumour: a comparison of dermoscopic, ultrasonographic and histopathological features. Eur J Dermatol 26(4):400–402. https://doi.org/10.1684/ejd.2016.2795
Capusan TM, Noguera-Morel L, Bueno-Martínez E et al (2020) Multiple familial trichoepitheliomas: ultrasonographic findings. Skin Res Technol 26(1):137–139. https://doi.org/10.1111/srt.12746
Gong X, Li J, Ding A et al (2024) Conventional and contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the differential diagnosis of recurrent dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans and postoperative scar. BMC Cancer 24(1):285. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-024-11991-7
Whittle C, Andrews A, Coulon G, Castro A (2024) Different sonographic presentations of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. J Ultrasound 27(1):61–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40477-023-00796-2
Gimeno-Ribes ME, Toll A, Garcia A, Giavedoni P (2023) Usefulness of high-frequency Doppler Ultrasound in Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans. J Ultrasound Med 42(9):2171–2173. https://doi.org/10.1002/jum.16217
Tanaka R, Inagawa K, Kanomata N, Hata J, Fujimoto W (2015) Photoletter to the editor: pigmented dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans in a 4-year-old girl and ultrasonographic findings. J Dermatol Case Rep 9(2):52–54. https://doi.org/10.3315/jdcr.2015.1201
Rodríguez Bandera AI, Moreno Bonilla G, Feito Rodríguez M, Beato Merino MJ, de Lucas Laguna R (2019) Jellyfish-like sonographic pattern can help recognition of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. Report of 3 new cases and review of the literature. Australas J Dermatol 60(2):e148–e150. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajd.12922
Zou MH, Huang Q, Yang T et al (2021) Role of ultrasound in the diagnosis of primary and recurrent dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. BMC Cancer 21(1):909. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-021-08476-2
Gong X, Li J, Ding A et al (2022) Multimodal ultrasound for preoperative evaluation of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans: a series of 40 cases. BMC Cancer 22(1):1137. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-022-10211-4
Diago A, Llombart B, Serra-Guillen C et al (2021) Usefulness of ultrasound in dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans and correlation with histopathological findings: a series of 30 cases. Skin Res Technol off J Int Soc Bioeng Skin ISBS Int Soc Digit Imaging Skin ISDIS Int Soc Skin Imaging ISSI 27(5):701–708. https://doi.org/10.1111/srt.13003
Gualdi G, Pavoni L, Monari P et al (2015) Infantile dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans: an underrecognized diagnosis? Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 81(6):635–637. https://doi.org/10.4103/0378-6323.168347
McNab M, García C, Tabak D, Aranibar L, Castro A, Wortsman X (2021) Subclinical ultrasound characteristics of infantile Hemangiomas that May potentially affect involution. J Ultrasound Med off J Am Inst Ultrasound Med 40(6):1125–1130. https://doi.org/10.1002/jum.15489
Nasseri E, Piram M, McCuaig CC, Kokta V, Dubois J, Powell J (2014) Partially involuting congenital hemangiomas: a report of 8 cases and review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 70(1):75–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2013.09.018
Rogers M, Lam A, Fischer G (2002) Sonographic findings in a series of rapidly involuting congenital hemangiomas (RICH). Pediatr Dermatol 19(1):5–11. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1470.2002.00011.x
Schafer F, Tapia M, Pinto C (2014) Rapidly involuting congenital haemangioma. Arch Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 99(5):F422. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2013-304885
Bancalari B, Colmenero I, Noguera-Morel L, Torrelo A, Enríquez de Salamanca J, Hernández-Martín Á (2020) Papillary hemangioma in a child and sonographic characterization. Pediatr Dermatol 37(1):233–234. https://doi.org/10.1111/pde.14048
Harland CC, Bamber JC, Gusterson BA, Mortimer PS (1993) High frequency, high resolution B-scan ultrasound in the assessment of skin tumours. Br J Dermatol 128(5):525–532. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1993.tb00229.x
Stein JA, Heidary N, Pulitzer M, Schaffer JV (2008) Noninvoluting congenital hemangioma. Dermatol Online J 14(5):7
Kutz AM, Aranibar L, Lobos N, Wortsman X (2015) Color Doppler Ultrasound Follow-Up of infantile hemangiomas and peripheral vascularity in patients treated with Propranolol. Pediatr Dermatol 32(4):468–475. https://doi.org/10.1111/pde.12596
Lee PW, Frieden IJ, Streicher JL, McCalmont T, Haggstrom AN (2014) Characteristics of noninvoluting congenital hemangioma: a retrospective review. J Am Acad Dermatol 70(5):899–903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2014.01.860
Kamiya K, Nishio E, Horio A, Shibata H, Tokura Y (2016) Spindle cell hemangioma in an elderly patient: uncommon benign vascular neoplasm. J Dermatol 43(9):1108–1109. https://doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.13343
Catalano O, Alfageme Roldän F, Solivetti FM, Scotto di Santolo M, Bouer M, Wortsman X (2017) Color Doppler Sonography of Extradigital Glomus tumors. J Ultrasound Med off J Am Inst Ultrasound Med 36(1):231–238. https://doi.org/10.7863/ultra.16.03023
de Almeida CÁ, Nakamura R, Leverone A, Marchiori E, Canella C (2024) High-frequency ultrasonography for subungual glomus tumor evaluation - imaging findings. Skelet Radiol 53(5):891–898. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00256-023-04506-1
Takemura N, Fujii N, Tanaka T (2006) Subungual glomus tumor diagnosis based on imaging. J Dermatol 33(6):389–393. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1346-8138.2006.00092.x
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Emma Hansen from the Ohio State University College of Medicine and Kaitlyn Feyh from the Ohio State University Health Science Library for their advice on conducting this literature review.
Funding
Not applicable.
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
Hobayan, C.G.P., Gray, A.N., Waters, M.F. et al. Diagnostic accuracy of high-frequency ultrasound for cutaneous neoplasms: a narrative review of the literature. Arch Dermatol Res 316, 419 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-024-03179-7
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-024-03179-7