Skip to main content
Log in

Kontinuierliche Nierenersatztherapie in der Behandlung des akuten Nierenversagens: Geschichte und Entwicklung

Continuous renal replacement therapy in the treatment of acute renal failure: history and development

  • ÜBERSICHT
  • Published:
Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin

Abstract

Acute renal failure (ARF) is a frequent complication in patients with multiple organ failure and sepsis leading to a significant increase of mortality in these critically ill patients (50– 70%). While for years, ARF was considered an unavoidable complication of multiple organ failure and thus not essential for the progress, various studies in recent years have shown an independent and fundamental influence of ARF and therefore its therapy on the survival of the patient.

In the late 1970s continuous forms of treatment were introduced into the intensive care units. The first form of this treatment option was continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration (CAVH), primarily developed for the treatment of overhydrated patients resistant to diuretics. Using pump driven forms of the treatment, such as venovenous hemofiltration or venovenous dialysis (CVVHD), nearly all patients can be treated sufficiently. CAVH in the early 1980s rarely exceeded a daily hemofiltrate of 8–15 L, while more recent randomized studies have shown that CVVH should be performed with an exchange amount of at least 35 ml/kg/h, which corresponds to a daily exchange of 60–80 L.

With the abandonment of arterial puncture and the use of specialized equipment including CVVH machines, allowing a distinct balance in these critically ill, the most important disadvantages of the formerly used CAVH are eliminated but have also led to a loss of simplicity of the method.

Scientific work in the next decade should focus on (local) anticoagulation and determination of the optimal amounts of hemofiltrate for different diseases.

Zusammenfassung

Das akute Nierenversagen (ANV) in der Intensivmedizin ist heute immer Teil eines Multiorganversagens (MOV). Seine Prognose ist mit einer Letalität von 50–70% weiterhin schlecht. Während jahrelang das ANV als möglicherweise unvermeidbare Komplikation des MOV hingenommen und für die Prognose als nicht wegweisend eingeschätzt wurde, zeigen verschiedene Untersuchungen der letzten Jahre einen unabhängigen, fundamentalen Einfluss des ANV und damit vor allem seiner Therapie auf das Überleben der Patienten. Dabei gehören die Ende der 1970iger Jahre in die Behandlung eingeführten kontinuierlichen Therapieoptionen heute neben der intermittierenden Dialyse auf den Intensivstationen zur Standardtherapie.

Das erste kontinuierliche Nierenersatzverfahren, die kontinuierliche arterio-venöse Hämofiltration (CAVH), war ursprünglich für die Behandlung therapierefraktärer Entwässerung bei Patienten mit renaler und kardialer Insuffizienz entwickelt worden und war für die Behandlung von MOV-Patienten unzureichend. Mit den pumpenunterstützten Behandlungsverfahren wie der kontinuierlichen veno-venösen Hämofiltration (CVVH) oder Dialyse (CVVHD) sind Therapieoptionen geschaffen worden, die jeden Patienten ausreichend effektiv behandeln können. Betrug die ursprüngliche tägliche Austauschmenge 8–15 L, haben randomisierte Untersuchungen gezeigt, dass die Patienten mit MOV und ANV bei Einsatz der CVVH von einem Austauschvolumen von mindestens 35 ml/kgKG/h profitieren, was einem täglichen Filtratumsatz von 60–80 L entspricht.

Mit dem Verzicht auf eine arterielle Punktion und der Nutzung hochtechnisierter Maschinen, die parallel zur Behandlung die Bilanzierung der Behandlung ermöglichen, sind die wesentlichen Nachteile der ursprünglichen CAVH mittlerweile beseitigt, wenn auch die kontinuierliche Therapie hierdurch ihre Einfachheit verloren hat.

Gegenstand der Forschung der nächsten Jahre werden die Untersuchungen zur (lokalen) Antikoagulation und zur differenzierten Betrachtung unterschiedlicher Austauschvolumina für verschiedene Patientengruppen sein.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Literatur

  1. Bellomo R, Tipping P, Boyce N (1993) Continuous veno-venous hemofiltration with dialysis removes cytokines from the circulation of septic patients. Crit Care Med 21:522–526

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Bagshaw SM, Berthiaume LR, Delaney A, Bellomo R (2008) Continuous versus intermittent renal replacement therapy for critically ill patients with acute kidney injury: a meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 36:610–617

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Bouman CS, Oudemans-Van Straaten HM, Tijssen JG, Zandstra DF, Kesecioglu J (2002) Effects of early highvolume continuous venovenous hemofiltration on survival and recovery of renal function in intensive care patients with acute renal failure: a prospective, randomized trial. Crit Care Med 30:2205–2211

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Clark WR, Müller BA, Kraus MA, Macias WL (1997) Extracorporeal therapy requirements for patients with acute renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 8:804–812

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Cole L, Bellomo R, Hart G, Journois D, Davenport P, Tipping P, Ronco C (2002) A phase II randomized controlled trial of continuous hemofiltration in sepsis. Crit Care Med 18:235–240

    Google Scholar 

  6. Cole L, Bellomo R, Journois D, Davenport P, Baldwin I, Tipping P (2001) High-volume hemofiltration in human septic shock. Intensive Care Med 27:978–986

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Elahi MM, Yann Lim M, Joseph RN, Dhannapuneni RR, Spyt TJ (2004) Early hemofiltration improves survival in post-cardiotomy patients with acute renal failure. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 26:1027–1031

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Frank RD, Kierdorf HP (2003) Spezielle Antikoagulationsverfahren für die Nierenersatztherapie in der Intensivmedizin. Intensivmed 40:382–391

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Getting LG, Reynolds HN, Scalea T (1999) Outcome in post-traumatic acute renal failure when continuous renal replacement therapy is applied early versus late. Intensive Care Med 25:805–813

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Guerin C, Girard R, Selli JM, Ayzac L (2002) Intermittent versus continuous renal replacement therapy for acute renal failure in intensive care units: results from a multicenter prospective epidemiological survey. Intensive Care Med 28:1411–1418

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Heering P, Ivens K, Thümer O, Morgera S, Heintzen M, Passlick-Deetjen J, Willers R, Strauer BE, Grabensee B (1999) The use of different buffers during continuous hemofiltration in critically ill patients with acute renal failure. Intensive Care Med 25:1244–1251

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Heering P, Morgera S, Schmitz FJ, Schmitz G, Willers R, Schultheiss HP, Strauer BE, Grabensee B (1997) Cytokine removal and cardiovascular hemodynamics in septic patients with continuous hemofiltration. Intensive Care Med 23:288–296

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Honore PM, Jamez J, Wauthier M, Lee PA, Dugernier T, Pirenne B, Hanique G, Matson JR (2000) Prospective evaluation of short-term, highvolume isovolemic hemofiltration on the hemodynamic course and outcome in patients with intractable circulatory failure resulting from septic shock. Crit Care Med 28:3581–3587

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Kellum JA, Angus DC, Johnson JP, Leblanc M, Griffin M, Ramakrishnan N, Linde-Zwirble WT (2002) Continuous versus intermittent renal replacement therapy: a meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 28:29–37

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Kierdorf HP (1991) Continuous versus intermittent treatment: Clinical results in acute renal failure. Contrib Nephrol 93:1–12

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Kierdorf HP (2006) Nierenersatztherapie in der Intensivmedizin: Klassische Verfahren. Nephrologe 2:88–96

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Kierdorf HP (2006) Organversagen Niere: Diagnostik und Therapie. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 131:2475–2479

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Kierdorf HP (2006) Sepsis und akutes Nierenversagen. Intensivmed 43:175–188

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Kierdorf HP, Leue C, Arns C (1999) Lactate- or bicarbonate-buffered solutions in continuous extracorporeal renal replacement therapies. Kidney Int 72:S32–S36

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Kolff WJ (1947) New ways of treating uremia. Churchill Livingstone, London New York

  21. Kramer P, Wigger W, Rieger J, Matthaei D, Scheler F (1977) Arteriovenous haemofiltration: A new and simple method for treatment of overhydrated patients resistant to diuretics. Klin Wochenschr 55:1121–1122

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Lameire N, Van Biesen W, Vanholder R (2005) Acute renal failure. Lancet 365:417–430

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Mehta RL (1996) Modalities of dialysis in acute renal failure. Seminars in Dialysis 9:469–475

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. de Mendonca A, Vincent JL, Suter PM, Moreno R, Dearden NM, Antonelli M, Takala J, Sprung C, Cantraine F (2000) Acute renal failure in the ICU: risk factors and outcome evaluated by the SOFA score. Intensive Care Med 26:915–921

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Metnitz PGH, Krenn CG, Steltzer H, Lang T, Ploder J, Lenz K, Le Gall J-R, Druml W (2002) Effect of Acute Renal Failure Requiring Renal Replacement Therapy on Outcome in Critically Ill Patients. Crit Care Med 30:2051–2058

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Morgera S, Rocktaschel J, Haase M, Lehmann C, von Heymann C, Ziemer S, Priem F, Hocher B, Gohl H, Kox WJ, Buder HW, Neumayer HH (2003) Intermittent high permeability hemofiltration in septic patients with acute renal failure. Intensive Care Med 29:1889–1895

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Paganini EP, Tapolyai M, Goormastic M, Halstenberg W, Kozlowski L, Leblanc M (1996) Establishing a dialysis therapy/Patients outcome link in ICU acute dialysis for patients with ARF. Am J Kid Dis 28:81–89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Ronco C, Bellomo R, Homel P, Brendolan A, Dan M, Piccinni P, La Greca G (2000) Effects of different doses in continuous venovenous hemofiltration on outcomes of acute renal failure: a prospective randomised trial. Lancet 355:26–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Ronco C, Brendolan A, Dentini V, Ricci Z, Wratten ML, Bellomo R (2003) Coupled plasma filtration adsorption: rationale, technical development and early clinical experience. Blod Purif 21:409–416

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Saudan P, Niederberger M, De Seigneux S, Romand J, Pugin J, Perneger T, Martin PY (2006) Adding a dialysis dose to continuous hemofiltration increases survival in patients with acute renal failure. Kidney Int 70:1312–1317

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Schiffl H, Lang SM, König A, Strasser T, Haider MC, Held E (1994) Biocompatible membranes in acute renal failure: prospective case controlled study. Lancet 344:570–572

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Schrier WR, Wang W (2004) Acute renal failure and sepsis. N Engl J Med 351:159–169

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Schultheis R, BringsW, GloecknerWM, Sieberth HG (1985) Device for controlled cyclic substitution during spontaneus filtration. In: Continuous arteriovenous haemofiltration (CAVH). Int Conf on CAVH, Aachen 1984, pp 64– 66. Karger, Basel

  34. Sieberth HG, Freiberg J, Heinze J, Kostock G, Quiring FR, Schäfer E (1975) Der Einfluß nichtrenaler Organfunktionsstörungen auf die Überlebenschancen beim akuten Nierenversagen. Intensivmed 12:195–199

    Google Scholar 

  35. Sieberth HG, Kierdorf HP (1999) Is cytokine removal by continuous hemofiltration feasable? Kidney Int 56:S79–S83

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Sigler MH (1997) Transport characteristics of the slow therapies: Implications for achieving adequacy of dialysis in acute renal failure. Adv Ren Replace Ther 4:68–73

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Storck M, Hartl WH, Zimmerer E, Inthorn D (1991) Comparison of pump-driven and spontaneous continuous haemofiltration in postoperative acute renal failure. Lancet 337:452–455

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Tonelli M, Manns B, Feller-Kopman D (2002) Acute renal failure in the intensive care unit: a systematic review of the impact of dialytic modality on mortality and renal recovery. Am J Kidney Dis 40:875–885

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Vinsonneau C, Camus C, Combes A, Costa de Beauregard MA, Klouche K, Boulain T, Pallot JL, Chiche JD, Taupin P, Landais P, Dhainaut JF, Hemodiafe Study Group (2006) Continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration versus intermittent haemodialysis for acute renal failure in patients with multiple- organ dysfunction syndrome: a multicentre randomised trial. Lancet 368:379–385

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to H. P. Kierdorf.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kierdorf, H.P. Kontinuierliche Nierenersatztherapie in der Behandlung des akuten Nierenversagens: Geschichte und Entwicklung. Intensivmed 45, 194–204 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00390-008-0881-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00390-008-0881-3

Key words

Schlüsselwörter

Navigation